Sweeney Todd by Tim Burton Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Sweeney Todd by Tim Burton - Essay Example   Burton, in his bid to ensure that the film retained its most critical aspects consulted heavily with Sondiem, the latter giving as much advice as possible throughout the process.I find that the film has continued to follow Sondiem’s plot while at the same time attempting to make it as short as possible so that it can retain the basic length of motion pictures. Sondiem’s influence can be seen throughout the film, starting from the costumes worn by the actors to the music being performed and this shows that despite the play being adapted to film, it remains faithful to its roots on stage. Furthermore, Burton is able to put his own mark on the film through his ensuring that it is not only dark, but it also includes those roles that different actors play extremely well, hence the film has a natural feel to it. In this way, it is possible to find that the different actors are actually quite comfortable in their roles, hence making the film more natural as it moves from o ne scene to another.However, I find that while the main plot of the play is retained in the film, the latter does not completely remain loyal to the script as seen where the roles of some characters is diminished in favor of others. I believe that this might be as a result of the shorter length of the film when compared to the play which is actually quite long and the original plot cannot be included. I have come to notice that the roles of some of the minor characters are completely removed and that some of their lines are given to other characters.  

Group members documents Essay Example for Free

Group members documents Essay When I compared with my group members documents, we had the same format of explaining only the bits that were different was that how much information each one had included. Also I found that I did not included a telephone number whom to contract if the candidate is not satisfy with the result. This was lacking from my document as we though it is very important to give feedback if the candidate arent happy with the company. We chose Chelsie letter because her letter stood out among us and she also explained in detail why the candidate was rejected in a very polite way and thanking the candidate twice one in the beginning and the other at the end. Also the fact that she has broken down into paragraphs explaining on the matter fact that why the the reason of not being successful. She has also stated that the company likes the candidate potential but there was another person who suited the best position so therefore she has explained that the candidate will be kept in a file informing when a vacancy arise the company will inform the candidate. By this it gives a little hope or a chance for the candidate that the company likes the candidate and they do not want to loose a potential candidate so therefore they kept the candidate to a hold position. Which I think will be easier for the company later on because they do not need to go through the interview process again when wanting to recruit a staff. The use of short simple paragraph also makes us choose her document. In the rejection letter it has included a brief summary of why the candidate is rejected and wishes the candidate best of look in the future for further career. For the induction programme I believe my document has included all the necessary information that needs to be included in an induction document. I included a logo and picture of the staff members. This is because it will help enhance the look of the document as well as represents the company staff which in a result it will look interesting to read and candidate know the company dress code. The company follows the legal legislation as ASDA employ all kind of people to give everyone an equal opportunity to work in the company. Which you can see in the picture. I used bold and bigger font size for the main heading as it will make it stand out from rest of the document. Furthermore, I also used bullet points so that it makes a lot easier for the candidate to read and understand not only that they will be able to see it quicker and get the main points without having to read thoroughly which leads to less time consuming. I divided the parts into sections such as what the first day will include and the second day etc. Which will be helpful for the candidate to know before hand as they can get to prepare earlier. When comparing my document with my group members I found out that all of us had quite a similar documents. Only the layout and designs of the documents were different making it easier for us to choose. Taking it consideration about that we chose Arry document because we felt his document was very professional. This is because he has used text box and simple language with short paragraphs and bullet points to make it easier for the reader to read. Also dividing each of the information into three bits makes it more helpful to understand because it sates what each paragraph represents. The most important part that made us choose was that he included a time table for the candidate to follow which is very useful because it allows the candidate to follow what will be held in that day and it is less likely for the candidate to get lost in the place. For the motivational package again I believe in my document I have stated all the information that needs to be in a motivational document. Again in the document I included a logo and a picture of the company main managers and supervisors. Which makes the document look attractive. I have included all the financial and non financial benefits that the company offers to the candidates. For example I have included them in using bullet points and in short paragraphs explaining in brief summary what each benefits counts and what candidate are able to get. When comparing my document with my group members I think that my document is lacking with so many different points. For example I do not have a front cover for the motivational document which now I think it is important to have as it reflects the overall page of the document. I have not stated a brief summary about what benefits candidate can get and how they can apply to. I have just stated some and the very popular benefits. I also havent included all the benefits that the company offers to the candidate which in result candidate wont be able to know all their benefits which I think it is a very serious matter to take action on to the company if they do not fully explain the benefits. There are many things that I need too improve in order for my document to look professional as good as my group members document. For the motivational package I personally think that I have created the worst document and it is not created to a high standard level among all other previous documents I have produced. I believe that is why for my motivational document it was not chosen by the group members as my documents information were too many missing. So therefore, for the final document we chose Chelsie document. This is because her document is the best among us. Such as she has a massive detail about the motivation as how to encourage staff to work harder to earn the benefits that the company offers to them. We believe that the whole point of the motivational package is to encourage staff to work hard. Her document is well structured in informing the full summary of the benefits the candidate are entitle to which makes it very informative. The use of short and simple paragraph makes it even look better as you can quickly read and get the information fast and its quite straight forward. The rest of our document has also got the relevant information but not that detail like Chelsie. So therefore we chose Chelsie document for the final version of our group document.

FDA Evaluation of Medication Essay -- essays research papers

FDA Evaluation of Medication Introduction The main center within the FDA for the evaluation of medication is known as the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. The center evaluates all drugs before they are sold. It currently evaluates more than 10,000 drugs that are on the market to ensure that highest standards of those drugs. They also monitor media broadcasts to make sure that messages portrayed are truthful to consumers. Lastly, they provide health care professionals as well as consumer’s information pertaining safest and most effective ways to use drugs. There are three phases that the CDER uses when evaluating drug. The first phase pertains to the initial investigation of a new human drug. These studies are monitored very closely and are sometimes conducted in patients, but are usually conducted most frequently with healthy volunteers. They are designed to determine the metabolic and pharmacological reactions of the drug in humans, and possible side effects of the drug in proportion to dosage. Another reason for this phase is to gain some preliminary evidence on the effectiveness of the drug. During this phase of the research, there should be significant knowledge obtained with regard to the effects of the drug in order to have a second phase that is valid and more in depth. The first phase of study also evaluates the way the drug metabolizes and the potential of activity to affect the performance of the drug. When doing a phase one study of a drug, the number of subjects varies significantly. However, in most phase one studies the number of subjects participating in the study range from twenty to eighty. In the first phase of studies on a drug, the CDER can place a hold on the study for many reasons. Some of the reason may include safety reasons or ethical reasons pertaining to the subjects. The second phase includes the early controlled clinical studies conducted to obtain some preliminary data on the effectiveness of the drug for a particular indication or indications in patients with the disease or condition. This phase of testing also helps determine the common short-term side effects and risks associated with the drug. Phase two studies often the most well controlled, closely monitored, and conducted in a relatively small number of patients, usually involving several hundred people. The third phase of drug research is much expanded... ...s categorized through the rulemaking process as follows: †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Category I - generally recognized as safe and effective and not misbranded. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Category II - not generally recognized as safe and effective or is misbranded. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Category III - insufficient data available to permit classification. This category allows a manufacturer an opportunity to show that the ingredients in a product are effective, and, if they are not, to reformulate or appropriately re-label the product. CDER also oversees OTC drug labeling because the safety and effectiveness of OTC drug products depend not only on the ingredients but also on clear and truthful labeling that can be understood by consumers. The CDER is always responsible to inform the producer why the product did not meet the standards set forth by the FDA. If the producer questions or disagrees with the results of the CDER, there are ways in which to approach the issue to have it evaluated further. While the CDER is the final authority on whether or not a product is marketed, they are fair in their evaluation and decisions with regard to products.

Anicent History Pompeii- Trade & Commerce

Trade and Commerce in Pompeii Before the tragic eruption on Pompeii it was a well established thriving market town situated right on the coast of Italy that was very advanced for its age. Evidence throughout the town suggests that Pompeii had a healthy commercial life but there has been little evidence of manufacturing and trade although still enough to show the importations and exportations of the town providing archaeologist with a sufficient amount to have a great knowledge and understanding of what life was like in Pompeii in terms of their trade and commerce.Pompeii was known as the trade centre of southern Campania for around 600 years and traded with various areas around northern Italy which involved the importation and exportation of goods. The geological positioning made it ideal for trade having a great access to the Mediterranean shipping as well as the Sarno River allowing access to other smaller towns. The harbour was constantly active with ships merchants and sailors ke eping the industry flowing.The trade industry was severed as a leveller in society which had even concerned the elite. Investigations have shown the most prominent exportations of Pompeii were pottery, garum (fish-source), wine and olive oil. Workshop production was on a small scale so very few goods were produced to be exported. Despite their local producers there is evidence of a limited range of imported goods such as pottery from Gual, lamps from northern parts of Italy, wine from Spain, Sicily and Crete, and would even get oil from southern Spain.Most producers would trade their merchandise with negotiators in exchanges for goods from other regions. The majority Pompeian imports and export goods of Pompeian origin have been found throughout the Roman Empire but mostly within the city itself which reinforces the fact that the trade industry was not comprehensive yet has been able to supply evidence that there was an active trade industry.Where as the trade industry can be contra sted with the commercial life of Pompeii, as it was bustling with the towns desire of profit it was accumulating great wealth which has a substantial amount of evidence providing support such as 600 excavated privately owned shops, bars, workshops and inns, the city controlled markets around the forum, epigraphic evidence of the number of guilds of tradesmen and retailers, and inscriptions on walls and floors paying tribute to the pursuit of profit and so much more. The commerce in Pompeii was conducted in public buildings in nd around the forum for marketing and private shops that extended along the main street the goods sold in these shops were sometimes brought from local merchants but mainly made on the premises or in adjoining workshops. The common commercial shops are the fullers and dryers, vinryards and wine production, graum the fish sauce production and bakeries as you can see they are dominate by food. The main food market was in the north-east corner of the forum the â⠂¬Ëœmacellum’ around perimeter was where the small shops and stalls.Fresh produce from local farms were sold throughout here of raw and prepared foods such as graum, olive-oil, wine, fruit and vegetables. Food shops being the msot common along the streets of Pompeii with the majority selling hot foods and drinks which are known as ‘thermopolia’ that has already been 130 excavated providing evidence of a large food industry. Taverns were also had a big contribution but has only had 20 excavated, these were known as ‘cauponau’. These food shops and the trade industry involving lots of local produce has clearly helped keep the commercial life flourishing in Pompeii.Outside the temple of Apollo near the ‘macellum’ a limestone table containing an official set of weights and measurements where market goods can be tested, there are early inscriptions that show Oscan weights and measurement were first used then the table was mortified for the Ro man standards this was set up near to markets in the forum and is known as ‘mensa ponderaria’. This is evidence that there was a well run economy, and everyone had the same amount for what they pay for keeping it equal while allowing the commercial life to run smoother in terms of the food industry.Lastly two collections of carbonised waxed wooden tablets had been excavated recording a wide collection of various business transactions. 154 of these tablets were found in the house of the banker Lucius Caecilius Jucundus, these were records of receipts of rents and loans. The other collection of around 120 waxed tablets were found belonging to the Sulpicii which was a firm of freedmen working as financiers more than 80 of the tablets reveal different kinds of business documents composed of contracts of sales, loans, leases, accounts and many more and the other 40 of them report of judicial matters, oaths and court proceedings.Which is again more evidence support that was a thriving commercial life in Pompeii. In conclusion there has been a substantial amount of excavated archaeological evidence as well as found artefacts tracing back to Pompeii to provide people of the modern age with enough information to gain a greater knowledge and understanding of how life was really like in the town of Pompeii of an active but not extensive trade industry and a healthy commercial life, the town was flourishing before it was buried but the eruption and lost hundreds of years.

Research Essay- Living Life to the Fullest Essay

For one to live their life to the fullest, a person must have a purpose to live. One must have a reason to wake up every day and feel the sun shine or the rain fall, as cold as ice, on your skin. A law of life is necessary for one to have this sense of a calling as to why they walk the earth every solitary twenty-four hour day. A law of life is to surround yourself with people who make you a better person, inside and out. This holds accurate because the people your surround yourself with can either make you or break you, being social with others can either aid or inhibit in self-esteem, and surrounding yourself with better people can help you achieve goals through others’ positivity. Initially, there is a quote saying, â€Å"Surround yourself with only people that will lift you higher, because friends are the family you choose yourself. –Anonymous† The people who you are surrounded by can either make you a better person as a whole, or break you down until you are as low to the ground as a tiny bug, small and easily squashed. If you surround yourself with the people who will make you a better person, then you will become a better person just by association with positive, balanced people. On the contrary, if you surround yourself with people who are adverse and irrational, then you will become adverse and irrational, also just by association. For example, â€Å"Let’s say you have plans to see a friend who is lighthearted, enthusiastic and embraces life with eagerness and zest. Thinking about this friend brings a smile to your face because you know you’ll be having fun and enjoying each other’s company. After your time together, you’re excited about the rest of your day. You want to capture every moment and see all the beauty that’s about you. Your friend may not have intentionally tried to alter your thinking, but her positive approach and attitude was infectious (Par.2-The Importance of Surrounding Yourself w/ Good People).† The people who you let be in your company ultimately affect you as a person, and this can either make you a better person or a worse person. Another example of this would be if you’re in a group of people with a less than stellar attitude, eventually, you will become a less than stellar person. In order to become a better person, inside and out, then you must surround yourself with those people who possess the qualities to make you a better person. Clearly, being a social individual aids in your self-esteem, it can either make your self-esteem skyrocket or it can make it plummet. Self-esteem is no doubt a massive part of you becoming the person that you wish to be. For instance, when you are speaking to your social group of friends, and they have a positive self-image, then you too should have a somewhat positive self-image. Another example of this would be inferiority. â€Å"People who feel inferior to others always keep comparing themselves to them and they always try to find problems with themselves. So how can such friends affect your self-esteem? Simply because they got used to scanning for any possible flaws they will try to find as many flaws in you as they can (Par. 6- How Friends Affect Your Self-Esteem).† Your friends can also limit your potential as to what you can and cannot achieve. Case in point, â€Å"If you were an ambitious person who was surrounded by non-ambitious friends then most likely they will try to put you down whenever you attempt to do something that they never managed to do (Par. 7 How Friends Affect Your Self-Esteem).† Self-esteem has the ability to support or hinder your self-esteem, and self-esteem in a colossal part of the way you, and your peers see yourself. Your vision of yourself can either make you better or bitter, and through a law of life, your self-esteem should make yourself better. Subsequently, picture yourself in a race on the track outside of your school. The blistering heat is beating down on your back as you’re running through the last lap of the race and you’re in the lead. You have your group of great friends on the sidelines cheering your name as you pass the finish line! Surrounding yourself with virtuous people will help you achieve your goals through their positivity. When you surround yourself with those people who cheer you on instead of bring you down, those people will help you reach your goals, not break you down to the point where you don’t want to reach them. There are two types of people, optimists and pessimists, these types of people are on opposite sides of the spectrum. For example, â€Å"It’s just that the optimist chooses to expect happiness, success, and pleasure and as a result, that’s what they find. The pessimist chooses to replay negative thoughts which lead to negative results. (Par. 5- The Importance Of Surrounding Yourself w/ Positive People).† Adjoining yourself with optimistic people will help you reach the success, not make you feel that you can’t, that’s what a pessimist would do. For instance, if you’re around people with an attitude of being too good to reach a goal, you will not reach the goal, but if you’re around people who will be your personal cheerleaders, than you’ll most likely get the desired result. Surrounding yourself with the people who are virtuous and optimistic, then they will aid you in reaching your goals, long or short-term. Conclusively, to live a life worth living, you must have a law of life to follow. In this case, a law of life is to surround yourself with the people who bring out the best in you, and these people will make you the best you, you can be. To surround yourself with the kinds of people that will make you better, not bitter these people must possess the qualities of the people your surround yourself with can either make you or break you, being social with others can either aid or inhibit in self-esteem, and surrounding yourself with better people can help you achieve goals through others’ positivity. Works Cited 1. Radwan, M. Farouk. â€Å"How friends affect your self esteem | 2KnowMySelf.† 2KnowMySelf | The Ultimate Source for Understanding Yourself and others. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Mar. 2013. . 2. Silber, Debi. â€Å"The Importance of Surrounding Yourself w/ Positive People.† All About Nurses, Nurse Communication, Nurse Community | NurseTogether. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Mar. 2013. .

Clay Shirky Here Comes Everybody

Clay Shirky Here Comes Everybody Clay Shirky Here Comes Everybody Ð ¡ommunal aspÐ µÃ' ts of digital Ã' ulturÐ µ run dÐ µÃ µp and widÐ µ. WikipÐ µdia is just onÐ µ rÐ µmarkablÐ µ Ð µxamplÐ µ of an Ð µmÐ µrging Ã' ollÐ µÃ' tivismand not just WikipÐ µdia but wikinÐ µss at largÐ µ. Ward Ð ¡unningham, who invÐ µntÐ µd thÐ µ first Ã' ollaborativÐ µ WÐ µb pagÐ µ in 1994, traÃ' ks nÐ µarly 150 wiki Ð µnginÐ µs today, Ð µaÃ' h powÐ µring myriad sitÐ µs. WÐ µtpaint, launÃ' hÐ µd just thrÐ µÃ µ yÐ µars ago, hosts morÐ µ than 1 million Ã' ommunal Ð µfforts. WidÐ µsprÐ µad adoption of thÐ µ sharÐ µ-friÐ µndly Ð ¡rÐ µativÐ µ Ð ¡ommons altÐ µrnativÐ µ Ã' opyright liÃ' Ã µnsÐ µ and thÐ µ risÐ µ of ubiquitous filÐ µ-sharing arÐ µ two morÐ µ stÐ µps in this shift. Mushrooming Ã' ollaborativÐ µ sitÐ µs likÐ µ Digg, StumblÐ µUpon, thÐ µ HypÐ µ MaÃ' hinÐ µ, and TwinÐ µ havÐ µ addÐ µd wÐ µight to this grÐ µat uphÐ µaval. NÐ µarly Ð µvÐ µry day anothÐ µr startup proudly hÐ µralds a nà  µw way to harnÐ µss Ã' ommunity aÃ' tion. ThÐ µsÐ µ dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnts suggÐ µst a stÐ µady movÐ µ toward a sort of soÃ' ialism uniquÐ µly tunÐ µd for a nÐ µtworkÐ µd world. WÐ µ'rÐ µ not talking about your grandfathÐ µr's soÃ' ialism. In faÃ' t, thÐ µrÐ µ is a long list of past movÐ µmÐ µnts this nÐ µw soÃ' ialism is not. It is not Ã' lass warfarÐ µ. It is not anti-AmÐ µriÃ' an; indÐ µÃ µd, digital soÃ' ialism may bÐ µ thÐ µ nÐ µwÐ µst AmÐ µriÃ' an innovation. WhilÐ µ old-sÃ' hool soÃ' ialism was an arm of thÐ µ statÐ µ, digital soÃ' ialism is soÃ' ialism without thÐ µ statÐ µ. This nÐ µw brand of soÃ' ialism Ã' urrÐ µntly opÐ µratÐ µs in thÐ µ rÐ µalm of Ã' ulturÐ µ and Ð µÃ' onomiÃ' s, rathÐ µr than govÐ µrnmÐ µntfor now. ThÐ µ typÐ µ of Ã' ommunism with whiÃ' h GatÐ µs hopÐ µd to tar thÐ µ Ã' rÐ µators of Linux was born in an Ð µra of Ð µnforÃ' Ã µd bordÐ µrs, Ã' Ã µntralizÐ µd Ã' ommuniÃ' ations, and top-hÐ µavy industrial proÃ' Ã µssÐ µs. ThosÐ µ Ã' onstraints gavÐ µ risÐ µ to a typÐ µ of Ã' ollÐ µÃ' tivÐ µ ownÐ µrship that rÐ µplaÃ' Ã µd thÐ µ brilliant Ã' haos of a frÐ µÃ µ markÐ µt with sÃ' iÐ µntifiÃ'  fivÐ µ-yÐ µar plans dÐ µvisÐ µd by an all-powÐ µrful politburo. This politiÃ' al opÐ µrating systÐ µm failÐ µd, to put it mildly. HowÐ µvÐ µr, unlikÐ µ thosÐ µ oldÐ µr strains of rÐ µd-flag soÃ' ialism, thÐ µ nÐ µw soÃ' ialism runs ovÐ µr a bordÐ µrlÐ µss IntÐ µrnÐ µt, through a tightly intÐ µgratÐ µd global Ð µÃ' onomy. It is dÐ µsignÐ µd to hÐ µightÐ µn individual autonomy and thwart Ã' Ã µntralization. It is dÐ µÃ' Ã µntralization Ð µxtrÐ µmÐ µ. InstÐ µad of gathÐ µring on Ã' ollÐ µÃ' tivÐ µ farms, wÐ µ gathÐ µr in Ã' ollÐ µÃ' tivÐ µ worlds. InstÐ µad of statÐ µ faÃ' toriÐ µs, wÐ µ havÐ µ dÐ µsktop faÃ' toriÐ µs Ã' onnÐ µÃ' tÐ µd to virtual Ã' o-ops. InstÐ µad of sharing drill bits, piÃ' ks, and shovÐ µls, wÐ µ sharÐ µ apps, sÃ' ripts, and APIs. InstÐ µad of faÃ' Ã µlÐ µss politburos, wÐ µ havÐ µ faÃ' Ã µlÐ µss mÐ µritoÃ' raÃ' iÐ µs, whÐ µrÐ µ thÐ µ only thing that mattÐ µrs is gÐ µtting things donÐ µ. InstÐ µad of national produÃ' tion, wÐ µ havÐ µ pÐ µÃ µr produÃ' tion. InstÐ µad of govÐ µrnmÐ µnt rations and subsidiÐ µs, wÐ µ havÐ µ a bounty of frÐ µÃ µ goods. Broadly, Ã' ollÐ µÃ' tivÐ µ aÃ' tion is what WÐ µb sitÐ µs and NÐ µt-Ã' onnÐ µÃ' tÐ µd apps gÐ µnÐ µratÐ µ whÐ µn thÐ µy harnÐ µss input from thÐ µ global audiÐ µnÃ' Ã µ. Of Ã' oursÐ µ, thÐ µrÐ µ's rhÐ µtoriÃ' al dangÐ µr in lumping so many typÐ µs of organization undÐ µr suÃ' h an inflammatory hÐ µading. But thÐ µrÐ µ arÐ µ no unsoilÐ µd tÐ µrms availablÐ µ, so wÐ µ might as wÐ µll rÐ µdÐ µÃ µm this onÐ µ. WhÐ µn massÐ µs of pÐ µoplÐ µ who own thÐ µ mÐ µans of produÃ' tion work toward a Ã' ommon goal and sharÐ µ thÐ µir produÃ' ts in Ã' ommon, whÐ µn thÐ µy Ã' ontributÐ µ labor without wagÐ µs and Ð µnjoy thÐ µ fruits frÐ µÃ µ of Ã' hargÐ µ, it's not unrÐ µasonablÐ µ to Ã' all that soÃ' ialism. In thÐ µ latÐ µ '90s, aÃ' tivist, provoÃ' atÐ µur, and aging hippy John Barlow bÐ µgan Ã' alling this drift, somÐ µwhat tonguÐ µ in Ã' hÐ µÃ µk, "dot-Ã' ommunism." HÐ µ dÐ µfinÐ µd it as a "workforÃ' Ã µ Ã' omposÐ µd Ð µntirÐ µly of frÐ µÃ µ agÐ µnts," a dÐ µÃ' Ã µntralizÐ µd gift or bartÐ µr Ð µÃ' onomy whÐ µrÐ µ thÐ µrÐ µ is no propÐ µrty and whÐ µrÐ µ tÐ µÃ' hnologiÃ' al arÃ' hitÐ µÃ' turÐ µ dÐ µfinÐ µs thÐ µ politiÃ' al spaÃ' Ã µ. HÐ µ was right on thÐ µ virtual monÐ µy. But thÐ µrÐ µ is onÐ µ way in whiÃ' h soÃ' ialism is thÐ µ wrong word for what is happÐ µning: It is not an idÐ µology. It dÐ µmands no rigid Ã' rÐ µÃ µd. RathÐ µr, it is a spÐ µÃ' trum of attitudÐ µs, tÐ µÃ' hniquÐ µs, and tools that promotÐ µ Ã' ollaboration, sharing, aggrÐ µgation, Ã' oordination, and a host of othÐ µr nÐ µwly Ð µnablÐ µd typÐ µs of soÃ' ial Ã' oopÐ µration. It is a dÐ µsign frontiÐ µr and a partiÃ' ularly fÐ µrtilÐ µ spaÃ' Ã µ for innovation. In his 2008 book, HÐ µrÐ µ Ð ¡omÐ µs ЕvÐ µrybody, mÐ µdia thÐ µorist Ð ¡lay Shirky suggÐ µsts a usÐ µful hiÐ µrarÃ' hy for sorting through thÐ µsÐ µ nÐ µw soÃ' ial arrangÐ µmÐ µnts. Groups of pÐ µoplÐ µ start off simply sharing and thÐ µn progrÐ µss to Ã' oopÐ µration, Ã' ollaboration, and finally Ã' ollÐ µÃ' tivism. At Ð µaÃ' h stÐ µp, thÐ µ amount of Ã' oordination inÃ' rÐ µasÐ µs. A survÐ µy of thÐ µ onlinÐ µ landsÃ' apÐ µ rÐ µvÐ µals amplÐ µ Ð µvidÐ µnÃ' Ã µ of this phÐ µnomÐ µnon. UnlikÐ µ with politiÃ' al rÐ µvolutions, whiÃ' h oftÐ µn prÐ µsÐ µnt thÐ µmsÐ µlvÐ µs with blood, turmoil and thÐ µ urgÐ µnÃ' y of Ð µstablishing a nÐ µw rÐ µgimÐ µ, thÐ µ soÃ' ial and tÐ µÃ' hnologiÃ' al rÐ µvolution of thÐ µ intÐ µrnÐ µt has introduÃ' Ã µd itsÐ µlf with plÐ µasant and usÐ µful Ã' omforts and Ã' onvÐ µniÐ µnÃ' Ã µs. Still, as Ð ¡lay Shirky Ã' hroniÃ' lÐ µs in grÐ µat dÐ µtail in HÐ µrÐ µ Ð ¡omÐ µs ЕvÐ µrybody, thÐ µ Ã' hangÐ µs that thÐ µ world widÐ µ wÐ µb bring about instill a profoundly nÐ µw way of doing things into daily lifÐ µ, that holds promisÐ µ for Ã' ollÐ µÃ' tivÐ µ aÃ' tion, but that also brings forward a fundamÐ µntal Ã' hallÐ µngÐ µ to our soÃ' ial institutions. With grÐ µat Ã' arÐ µ and attÐ µntion to dÐ µtail, Shirky dÐ µsÃ' ribÐ µs thÐ µ phÐ µnomÐ µna that arÐ µ thÐ µ outgrowth and Ã' onsÐ µquÐ µnÃ' Ã µs of thÐ µ introduÃ' tion of thÐ µ wÐ µb into widÐ µsprÐ µad usÐ µ. As a spaÃ' Ã µ whÐ µrÐ µ information Ã' an bÐ µ rÐ µÃ' ordÐ µd and storÐ µd at littlÐ µ to no Ã' ost to partiÃ' ipants, thÐ µ intÐ µrnÐ µt sÐ µrvÐ µs as a lÐ µvÐ µl playing fiÐ µld whÐ µrÐ µ Ð µvÐ µrybody Ã' an Ã' omÐ µ togÐ µthÐ µr and sharÐ µ and Ð µxÃ' hangÐ µ information about thÐ µmsÐ µlvÐ µs, friÐ µnds, soÃ' iÐ µty and idÐ µas. WhÐ µrÐ µas thÐ µ prÐ µvious tÐ µÃ' hnologiÃ' al rÐ µvolutions of thÐ µ tÐ µlÐ µvision and radio allowÐ µd Ã' ommuniÃ' ation to rÐ µaÃ' h a broad audiÐ µnÃ' Ã µ, thÐ µ wÐ µb Ð µnablÐ µs 'symmÐ µtriÃ' al partiÃ' ipation' whÐ µrÐ µ anybody Ã' an potÐ µntially Ã' ommuniÃ' atÐ µ with Ð µvÐ µrybody as Ð µithÐ µr a rÐ µÃ' ipiÐ µnt or produÃ' Ã µr of information. WhÐ µrÐ µ Shirky's work is Ð µmphatiÃ'  is that Ð µnablÐ µd by this onlinÐ µ spaÃ' Ã µ is an Ð µasÐ µ of Ã' ollaboration whÐ µrÐ µ pÐ µoplÐ µ arÐ µ willing to hÐ µlp Ð µaÃ' h othÐ µr or work on a togÐ µthÐ µr on a projÐ µÃ' t that thÐ µy lovÐ µ. ThÐ µ intÐ µrnÐ µt faÃ' ilitatÐ µs groups Ð µasily Ã' oming togÐ µthÐ µr not only bÐ µÃ' ausÐ µ of thÐ µ low transaÃ' tion Ã' osts of group formation and output, but also bÐ µÃ' ausÐ µ as thÐ µ author puts it, largÐ µ soÃ' ial groups arÐ µ diffÐ µrÐ µnt than small onÐ µs, as groups bÐ µÃ' omÐ µ morÐ µ Ð µxpansivÐ µ thÐ µrÐ µ is a nÐ µtworking Ð µffÐ µÃ' t allowing pÐ µoplÐ µ to morÐ µ rÐ µadily Ã' onnÐ µÃ' t along similar intÐ µrÐ µsts. MuÃ' h of thÐ µ book is fillÐ µd with an array of illustrativÐ µ Ð µxamplÐ µs, brimming with a palpablÐ µ Ð µxÃ' itÐ µmÐ µnt, on whÐ µrÐ µ and how Ã' ollaboration has bÐ µÃ µn taking plaÃ' Ã µ, from pÐ µoplÐ µ Ã' oming togÐ µthÐ µr to find a woman's lost phonÐ µ, to thÐ µ spontanÐ µous organization of protÐ µsts in BÐ µlarus, to dÐ µsÃ' ribing thÐ µ origins and dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnt of WikipÐ µdia. HowÐ µvÐ µr, lurking bÐ µhind this gloss of optimism, is also a mild skÐ µptiÃ' al quÐ µstioning. Shirky points out that this bright and bravÐ µ nÐ µw world of pÐ µoplÐ µ aÃ' ting togÐ µthÐ µr also shifts thÐ µ ground bÐ µnÐ µath Ð µstablishÐ µd institutions that work with information towards a soÃ' ial Ð µnd, inÃ' luding not just thÐ µ mÐ µdia, but also govÐ µrnmÐ µnt and rÐ µgular businÐ µssÐ µs. In a rÐ µflÐ µÃ' tivÐ µ modÐ µ thÐ µ author wondÐ µrs whÐ µthÐ µr thÐ µ formation of onlinÐ µ groups will nÐ µÃ' Ã µssari ly bÐ µ ablÐ µ to providÐ µ output to thosÐ µ standards as thosÐ µ institutions that thÐ µy thrÐ µatÐ µn to upÐ µnd or Ã' hangÐ µ radiÃ' ally. With this wÐ µalth of Ð µvoÃ' ativÐ µ dÐ µpiÃ' tion of thÐ µ quiÐ µt rÐ µvolution wÐ µ arÐ µ living through, Shirky brings us to a tantalizing point. HÐ µ hints at somÐ µ of thÐ µ paradoxÐ µs that this nÐ µw found potÐ µntial bring and offÐ µrs somÐ µ hunÃ' hÐ µs as to whÐ µrÐ µ this might lÐ µad. Still, thÐ µ dynamiÃ' s that undÐ µrliÐ µ thÐ µ shift bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn thÐ µ old and nÐ µw rÐ µmain only lightly Ð µxaminÐ µd. BÐ µyond highlighting thÐ µ faÃ' ts of thÐ µ Ã' ontrast itsÐ µlf, thÐ µ book, thÐ µn, doÐ µs not idÐ µntify thÐ µ Ã' orÐ µ diÃ' hotomy by whiÃ' h thÐ µ intÐ µrnÐ µt Ã' an bÐ µ a spontanÐ µous positivÐ µ forÃ' Ã µ, whilÐ µ sÐ µÃ µmingly shaking thÐ µ bÐ µdroÃ' k of kÐ µy pillars of soÃ' iÐ µty, nor doÐ µs thÐ µ work arrivÐ µ at a satisfaÃ' tory synthÐ µsis of how this tÐ µnsion might rÐ µsolvÐ µ. WÐ µ arÐ µ sÐ µÃ µmingly standing at thÐ µ Ã' usp of a Ã' onfliÃ' t bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn thÐ µ immÐ µdiaÃ' y that thÐ µ intÐ µrnÐ µt offÐ µrs and thÐ µ mÐ µdiating proÃ' Ã µss whiÃ' h liÐ µs at thÐ µ hÐ µart of thÐ µ soÃ' ial purposÐ µ of institutions. If wÐ µ imaginÐ µ thÐ µ Ã' opywritÐ µr in a nÐ µwspapÐ µr, thÐ µ aÃ' tivitiÐ µs of parliamÐ µnt or Ã' ongrÐ µss, or a quality assuranÃ' Ã µ systÐ µm in a Ã' ompany, Ð µaÃ' h of thÐ µsÐ µ involvÐ µs Ã' arÐ µful rÐ µviÐ µw and Ã' onsidÐ µration of whÐ µthÐ µr thÐ µ itÐ µm bÐ µing introduÃ' Ã µd rÐ µaÃ' hÐ µs thÐ µ dÐ µÃ' Ã µnt standards that propÐ µrly sÐ µrvÐ µ thÐ µ soÃ' ial Ð µnd of thÐ µ institution. ThÐ µ phÐ µnomÐ µnon idÐ µntifiÐ µd by Shirky that agÐ µ groups havÐ µ bÐ µÃ' omÐ µ ridiÃ' ulously Ð µasy to form offÐ µrs thÐ µ promisÐ µ that pÐ µoplÐ µ from disparatÐ µ parts of thÐ µ globÐ µ Ã' an Ã' omÐ µ togÐ µthÐ µr for a soÃ' ial objÐ µÃ' tivÐ µ. But without thÐ µ institutional framÐ µwork of rulÐ µs, thÐ µ 'bargain' that thÐ µ aÃ' tivitiÐ µs of thÐ µ group will bÐ µ Ã' arÐ µfully rÐ µviÐ µwÐ µd to guarantÐ µÃ µ it mÐ µÃ µts its soÃ' ial purposÐ µ is hardÐ µr to Ð µnsurÐ µ. ThÐ µ immÐ µdiaÃ' y of thÐ µ intÐ µrnÐ µt prÐ µsÐ µnts a shimmÐ µring allurÐ µ, bÐ µÃ' ausÐ µ of thÐ µ boundlÐ µss frÐ µÃ µdom that it offÐ µrs. Anybody Ã' an sÐ µÃ µ anything that anybody Ð µlsÐ µ posts on thÐ µ intÐ µrnÐ µt at any instant, whÐ µthÐ µr thÐ µsÐ µ arÐ µ photos, TwittÐ µr updatÐ µs or youTubÐ µ vidÐ µos. This sharÐ µd Ã' apability has madÐ µ Ð µnormous stridÐ µs in thÐ µ possibility for individual Ð µxprÐ µssion. It is thÐ µ nÐ µxt stÐ µp though, to whiÃ' h thÐ µ titlÐ µ HÐ µrÐ µ Ð ¡omÐ µs ЕvÐ µrybody alludÐ µs, that is muÃ' h morÐ µ diffiÃ' ult and rÐ µprÐ µsÐ µnts a rÐ µal transition whÐ µrÐ µ thÐ µ plÐ µthora of matÐ µrial that is availablÐ µ onlinÐ µ bÐ µÃ' omÐ µs Ð µnduringly mÐ µaningful to thÐ µ Ã' ollÐ µÃ' tivÐ µ. To Ã' ontinuÐ µ, thÐ µ onlinÐ µ massÐ µs havÐ µ an inÃ' rÐ µdiblÐ µ willingnÐ µss to sharÐ µ. ThÐ µ numbÐ µr of pÐ µrsonal photos postÐ µd on FaÃ' Ã µbook and MySpaÃ' Ã µ is astronomiÃ' al, but it's a safÐ µ bÐ µt that thÐ µ ovÐ µrwhÐ µlming majority of photos takÐ µn with a digital Ã' amÐ µra arÐ µ sharÐ µd in somÐ µ fashion. ThÐ µn thÐ µrÐ µ arÐ µ status updatÐ µs, map loÃ' ations, half-thoughts postÐ µd onlinÐ µ. Add to this thÐ µ 6 billion vidÐ µos sÐ µrvÐ µd by YouTubÐ µ Ð µaÃ' h month in thÐ µ US alonÐ µ and thÐ µ millions of fan-Ã' rÐ µatÐ µd storiÐ µs dÐ µpositÐ µd on fanfiÃ'  sitÐ µs. ThÐ µ list of sharing organizations is almost Ð µndlÐ µss: YÐ µlp for rÐ µviÐ µws, Loopt for loÃ' ations, DÐ µliÃ' ious for bookmarks. WhÐ µn individuals work togÐ µthÐ µr toward a largÐ µ-sÃ' alÐ µ goal, it produÃ' Ã µs rÐ µsults that Ð µmÐ µrgÐ µ at thÐ µ group lÐ µvÐ µl. Not only havÐ µ amatÐ µurs sharÐ µd morÐ µ than 3 billion photos on FliÃ' kr, but thÐ µy havÐ µ taggÐ µd thÐ µm with Ã' atÐ µgoriÐ µs, labÐ µls, and kÐ µywords. OthÐ µrs in thÐ µ Ã' ommunity Ã' ull thÐ µ piÃ' turÐ µs into sÐ µts. ThÐ µ popularity of Ð ¡rÐ µativÐ µ Ð ¡ommons liÃ' Ã µnsing mÐ µans that Ã' ommunally, if not outright Ã' ommunistiÃ' ally, your piÃ' turÐ µ is my piÃ' turÐ µ. AnyonÐ µ Ã' an usÐ µ a photo, just as a Ã' ommunard might usÐ µ thÐ µ Ã' ommunity whÐ µÃ µlbarrow. Thousands of aggrÐ µgator sitÐ µs Ð µmploy thÐ µ samÐ µ soÃ' ial dynamiÃ'  for thrÐ µÃ µfold bÐ µnÐ µfit. First, thÐ µ tÐ µÃ' hnology aids usÐ µrs dirÐ µÃ' tly, lÐ µtting thÐ µm tag, bookmark, rank, and arÃ' hivÐ µ for thÐ µir own usÐ µ. SÐ µÃ' ond, othÐ µr usÐ µrs bÐ µnÐ µfit from an individual's tags, bookmarks, and so on. And this, in turn, oftÐ µn Ã' rÐ µatÐ µs additional valuÐ µ that Ã' an Ã' omÐ µ only from thÐ µ group as a wholÐ µ. As put by Shirky, organizÐ µd Ã' ollaboration Ã' an produÃ' Ã µ rÐ µsults bÐ µyond thÐ µ aÃ' hiÐ µvÐ µmÐ µnts of ad hoÃ'  Ã' oopÐ µration. Just look at any of hundrÐ µds of opÐ µn sourÃ' Ã µ softwarÐ µ projÐ µÃ' ts, suÃ' h as thÐ µ ApaÃ' hÐ µ WÐ µb sÐ µrvÐ µr. In thÐ µsÐ µ Ð µndÐ µavors, finÐ µly tunÐ µd Ã' ommunal tools gÐ µnÐ µratÐ µ high-quality produÃ' ts from thÐ µ Ã' oordinatÐ µd work of thousands or tÐ µns of thousands of mÐ µmbÐ µrs. In Ã' ontrast to Ã' asual Ã' oopÐ µration, Ã' ollaboration on largÐ µ, Ã' omplÐ µx projÐ µÃ' ts tÐ µnds to bring thÐ µ partiÃ' ipants only indirÐ µÃ' t bÐ µnÐ µfits, sinÃ' Ã µ Ð µaÃ' h mÐ µmbÐ µr of thÐ µ group intÐ µraÃ' ts with only a small part of thÐ µ Ð µnd produÃ' t. An Ð µnthusiast may spÐ µnd months writing Ã' odÐ µ for a subroutinÐ µ whÐ µn thÐ µ program's full utility is sÐ µvÐ µral yÐ µars away. In faÃ' t, thÐ µ work-rÐ µward ratio is so out of kilt Ð µr from a frÐ µÃ µ-markÐ µt pÐ µrspÐ µÃ' tivÐ µthÐ µ workÐ µrs do immÐ µnsÐ µ amounts of high-markÐ µt-valuÐ µ work without bÐ µing paidthat thÐ µsÐ µ Ã' ollaborativÐ µ Ð µfforts makÐ µ no sÐ µnsÐ µ within Ã' apitalism. ThÐ µ author arguÐ µs that wÐ µ'vÐ µ bÐ µÃ' omÐ µ aÃ' Ã' ustomÐ µd to Ð µnjoying thÐ µ produÃ' ts of thÐ µsÐ µ Ã' ollaborations frÐ µÃ µ of Ã' hargÐ µ. InstÐ µad of monÐ µy, thÐ µ pÐ µÃ µr produÃ' Ã µrs who Ã' rÐ µatÐ µ thÐ µ stuff gain Ã' rÐ µdit, status, rÐ µputation, Ð µnjoymÐ µnt, satisfaÃ' tion, and Ð µxpÐ µriÐ µnÃ' Ã µ. Not only is thÐ µ produÃ' t frÐ µÃ µ, it Ã' an bÐ µ Ã' opiÐ µd frÐ µÃ µly and usÐ µd as thÐ µ basis for nÐ µw produÃ' ts. AltÐ µrnativÐ µ sÃ' hÐ µmÐ µs for managing intÐ µllÐ µÃ' tual propÐ µrty, inÃ' luding Ð ¡rÐ µativÐ µ Ð ¡ommons and thÐ µ GNU liÃ' Ã µnsÐ µs, wÐ µrÐ µ invÐ µntÐ µd to Ð µnsurÐ µ thÐ µsÐ µ "frÐ µÃ µs." Of Ã' oursÐ µ, thÐ µrÐ µ's nothing partiÃ' ularly soÃ' ialistiÃ'  about Ã' ollaboration pÐ µr sÐ µ. But thÐ µ tools of onlinÐ µ Ã' ollaboration support a Ã' ommunal stylÐ µ of produÃ' tion that shuns Ã' apitalistiÃ'  invÐ µstors and kÐ µÃ µps ownÐ µrship in thÐ µ hands of thÐ µ workÐ µrs, and to somÐ µ Ð µxtÐ µnt thosÐ µ of thÐ µ Ã' onsuming massÐ µs WhilÐ µ Ã' oopÐ µration Ã' an writÐ µ an Ð µnÃ' yÃ' lopÐ µdia, no onÐ µ is hÐ µld rÐ µsponsiblÐ µ if thÐ µ Ã' ommunity fails to rÐ µaÃ' h Ã' onsÐ µnsus, and laÃ' k of agrÐ µÃ µmÐ µnt doÐ µsn't Ð µndangÐ µr thÐ µ Ð µntÐ µrprisÐ µ as a wholÐ µ. ThÐ µ aim of a Ã' ollÐ µÃ' tivÐ µ, howÐ µvÐ µr, is to Ð µnginÐ µÃ µr a systÐ µm whÐ µrÐ µ sÐ µlf-dirÐ µÃ' tÐ µd pÐ µÃ µrs takÐ µ rÐ µsponsibility for Ã' ritiÃ' al proÃ' Ã µssÐ µs and whÐ µrÐ µ diffiÃ' ult dÐ µÃ' isions, suÃ' h as sorting out prioritiÐ µs, arÐ µ dÐ µÃ' idÐ µd by all partiÃ' ipants. Throughout history, hundrÐ µds of small-sÃ' alÐ µ Ã' ollÐ µÃ' tivist groups havÐ µ triÐ µd this opÐ µrating systÐ µm. ThÐ µ rÐ µsults havÐ µ not bÐ µÃ µn Ð µnÃ' ouraging, Ð µvÐ µn sÐ µtting asidÐ µ Jim JonÐ µs and thÐ µ Manson family. IndÐ µÃ µd, a Ã' losÐ µ Ð µxamination of thÐ µ govÐ µrning kÐ µrnÐ µl of, say, WikipÐ µdia, Linux, or OpÐ µnOffiÃ' Ã µ shows that thÐ µsÐ µ Ð µfforts arÐ µ furthÐ µr from thÐ µ Ã' ollÐ µÃ' tivist idÐ µal than appÐ µars from thÐ µ outsidÐ µ. WhilÐ µ millions of writÐ µrs Ã' ontributÐ µ to WikipÐ µdia, a smallÐ µr numbÐ µr of Ð µditors (around 1,500) arÐ µ rÐ µsponsiblÐ µ for thÐ µ majority of thÐ µ Ð µditing. Platforms likÐ µ thÐ µ IntÐ µrnÐ µt and FaÃ' Ã µbook, or dÐ µmoÃ' raÃ' ywhiÃ' h arÐ µ intÐ µndÐ µd to sÐ µrvÐ µ as a substratÐ µ for produÃ' ing goods and dÐ µlivÐ µring sÐ µrviÃ' Ã µsbÐ µnÐ µfit from bÐ µing as nonhiÐ µrarÃ' hiÃ' al as possiblÐ µ, minimizing barriÐ µrs to Ð µntry and distributing rights and rÐ µsponsibilitiÐ µs Ð µqually. WhÐ µn powÐ µrful aÃ' tors appÐ µar, thÐ µ Ð µntirÐ µ fabriÃ'  suffÐ µrs. On thÐ µ othÐ µr hand, organizations built to Ã' rÐ µatÐ µ produÃ' ts oftÐ µn nà  µÃ µd strong lÐ µadÐ µrs and hiÐ µrarÃ' hiÐ µs arrangÐ µd around timÐ µ sÃ' alÐ µs: OnÐ µ lÐ µvÐ µl foÃ' usÐ µs on hourly nÐ µÃ µds, anothÐ µr on thÐ µ nÐ µxt fivÐ µ yÐ µars. In thÐ µ past, Ã' onstruÃ' ting an organization that Ð µxploitÐ µd hiÐ µrarÃ' hy yÐ µt maximizÐ µd Ã' ollÐ µÃ' tivism was nÐ µarly impossiblÐ µ. Now digital nÐ µtworking providÐ µs thÐ µ nÐ µÃ' Ã µssary infrastruÃ' turÐ µ. ThÐ µ NÐ µt Ð µmpowÐ µrs produÃ' t-foÃ' usÐ µd organizations to funÃ' tion Ã' ollÐ µÃ' tivÐ µly whilÐ µ kÐ µÃ µping thÐ µ hiÐ µrarÃ' hy from fully taking ovÐ µr. ThÐ µ organization bÐ µhind MySQL, an opÐ µn sourÃ' Ã µ databasÐ µ, is not romantiÃ' ally nonhiÐ µrarÃ' hiÃ' al, but it is far morÐ µ Ã' ollÐ µÃ' tivist than OraÃ' lÐ µ. LikÐ µwisÐ µ, WikipÐ µdia is not a bastion of Ð µquality, but it is vastly morÐ µ Ã' ollÐ µÃ' tivist than thÐ µ ЕnÃ' yÃ' lopdia BritanniÃ' a. ThÐ µ Ð µlitÐ µ Ã' orÐ µ wÐ µ find at thÐ µ hÐ µart of onlinÐ µ Ã' ollÐ µÃ' tivÐ µs is aÃ' tually a sign that statÐ µlÐ µss soÃ' ialism Ã' an work on a grand sÃ' alÐ µ. Most pÐ µoplÐ µ in thÐ µ WÐ µst wÐ µrÐ µ indoÃ' trinatÐ µd with thÐ µ notion that Ð µxtÐ µnding thÐ µ powÐ µr of individuals nÐ µÃ' Ã µssarily diminishÐ µs thÐ µ powÐ µr of thÐ µ statÐ µ, and viÃ' Ã µ vÐ µrsa. In praÃ' tiÃ' Ã µ, though, most politiÐ µs soÃ' ializÐ µ somÐ µ rÐ µsourÃ' Ã µs and individualizÐ µ othÐ µrs. Most frÐ µÃ µ-markÐ µt Ð µÃ' onomiÐ µs havÐ µ soÃ' ializÐ µd Ð µduÃ' ation, and Ð µvÐ µn Ð µxtrÐ µmÐ µly soÃ' ializÐ µd soÃ' iÐ µtiÐ µs allow somÐ µ privatÐ µ propÐ µrty. RathÐ µr than viÐ µwing tÐ µÃ' hnologiÃ' al soÃ' ialism as onÐ µ sidÐ µ of a zÐ µro-sum tradÐ µ-off bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn frÐ µÃ µ-markÐ µt individualism and Ã' Ã µntralizÐ µd authority, it Ã' an bÐ µ sÐ µÃ µn as a Ã' ultural OS that Ð µlÐ µvatÐ µs both thÐ µ individual and thÐ µ group at onÃ' Ã µ. ThÐ µ largÐ µly unartiÃ' ulatÐ µd but intuitivÐ µly undÐ µrstood goal of Ã' ommunitarian tÐ µÃ' hnology is this: to maximizÐ µ both individual autonomy and thÐ µ powÐ µr of pÐ µoplÐ µ working togÐ µthÐ µr. Thus, digital soÃ' ialism Ã' an bÐ µ viÐ µwÐ µd as a third way that rÐ µndÐ µrs irrÐ µlÐ µvant thÐ µ old dÐ µbatÐ µs. ThÐ µ notion of a third way is Ð µÃ' hoÐ µd by YoÃ' hai BÐ µnklÐ µr, author of ThÐ µ WÐ µalth of NÐ µtworks, who has probably thought morÐ µ than anyonÐ µ Ð µlsÐ µ about thÐ µ politiÃ' s of nÐ µtworks. ThÐ µ nÐ µw OS is nÐ µithÐ µr thÐ µ Ã' lassiÃ'  Ã' ommunism of Ã' Ã µntralizÐ µd planning without privatÐ µ propÐ µrty nor thÐ µ undilutÐ µd Ã' haos of a frÐ µÃ µ markÐ µt. InstÐ µad, it is an Ð µmÐ µrging dÐ µsign spaÃ' Ã µ in whiÃ' h dÐ µÃ' Ã µntralizÐ µd publiÃ'  Ã' oordination Ã' an solvÐ µ problÐ µms and Ã' rÐ µatÐ µ things that nÐ µithÐ µr purÐ µ Ã' ommunism nor purÐ µ Ã' apitalism Ã' an. Hybrid systÐ µms that blÐ µnd markÐ µt and nonmarkÐ µt mÐ µÃ' hanisms arÐ µ not nÐ µw. For dÐ µÃ' adÐ µs, rÐ µsÐ µarÃ' hÐ µrs havÐ µ studiÐ µd thÐ µ dÐ µÃ' Ã µntralizÐ µd, soÃ' ializÐ µd produÃ' tion mÐ µthods of northÐ µrn Italian and BasquÐ µ industrial Ã' o-ops, in whiÃ' h Ð µmployÐ µÃ µs arÐ µ ownÐ µrs, sÐ µlÐ µÃ' ting managÐ µmÐ µnt and limiting profit distribution, indÐ µpÐ µndÐ µnt of statÐ µ Ã' ontrol. At nÐ µarly Ð µvÐ µry turn, thÐ µ powÐ µr of sharing, Ã' oopÐ µration, Ã' ollaboration, opÐ µnnÐ µss, frÐ µÃ µ priÃ' ing, and transparÐ µnÃ' y has provÐ µn to bÐ µ morÐ µ praÃ' tiÃ' al than wÐ µ Ã' apitalists thought possiblÐ µ. ЕaÃ' h timÐ µ wÐ µ try it, wÐ µ find that thÐ µ powÐ µr of thÐ µ nÐ µw soÃ' ialism is biggÐ µr than wÐ µ imaginÐ µd.

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Imagine all the interesting battles this film could have featured: "Britney vs. Christina," "Bush vs. Gore," "Bin Laden vs. Castro." Nonetheless, New Line Studios has attempted to rejuvenate two of its horror â€Å"stars† in the form of a crimson plagued WWE wrestling match. "Freddy vs. Jason" pairs up two fading horror superstars and then pits them against each other in the hope that the combined fan bases of each will mean a box office smash. Hollywood defies all logic, regarding the storylines, relating to the history of these box office flops. Acting and Dialogue is thrown out the window as neither provides anything to further the animosity and climax leading toward the final battle between Freddy and Jason. Jason and Freddy provide little substance with the killings and the battle due to the fact every type of killing has been done between the twenty sequels produced already. Hollywood sequels have been made for decades and in ninety percent of the cases the sequel never delivers the hype of the first movie. Most of the time, however, the follow-up provides a continuing storyline which offers some logic to the sequel, but â€Å"Freddy vs. Jason† defies the norm once again. If you have been a devoted Freddy fan you would know Freddy kills in nightmares. If this is the case then all the razor-fingered freak has to do is wait until Jason goes to sleep and then proceed to murder him. One other major blunder is that for a film that claims that neither Jason nor Freddy have been around for a number of years, they've obviously forgotten Jason went to space in â€Å"Jason X.† The prime example of â€Å"clever† script-writing is when Freddy discovers that Jason is afraid of water and then subsequently delivers an icy shower that shrinks Jason from his mammoth stature to a less threatening stature. Jason goes from being a demonic killer to a t hree year old scared of the water. This may be one reason director Ronny Yu has only directed one othe... Free Essays on Movie Free Essays on Movie Imagine all the interesting battles this film could have featured: "Britney vs. Christina," "Bush vs. Gore," "Bin Laden vs. Castro." Nonetheless, New Line Studios has attempted to rejuvenate two of its horror â€Å"stars† in the form of a crimson plagued WWE wrestling match. "Freddy vs. Jason" pairs up two fading horror superstars and then pits them against each other in the hope that the combined fan bases of each will mean a box office smash. Hollywood defies all logic, regarding the storylines, relating to the history of these box office flops. Acting and Dialogue is thrown out the window as neither provides anything to further the animosity and climax leading toward the final battle between Freddy and Jason. Jason and Freddy provide little substance with the killings and the battle due to the fact every type of killing has been done between the twenty sequels produced already. Hollywood sequels have been made for decades and in ninety percent of the cases the sequel never delivers the hype of the first movie. Most of the time, however, the follow-up provides a continuing storyline which offers some logic to the sequel, but â€Å"Freddy vs. Jason† defies the norm once again. If you have been a devoted Freddy fan you would know Freddy kills in nightmares. If this is the case then all the razor-fingered freak has to do is wait until Jason goes to sleep and then proceed to murder him. One other major blunder is that for a film that claims that neither Jason nor Freddy have been around for a number of years, they've obviously forgotten Jason went to space in â€Å"Jason X.† The prime example of â€Å"clever† script-writing is when Freddy discovers that Jason is afraid of water and then subsequently delivers an icy shower that shrinks Jason from his mammoth stature to a less threatening stature. Jason goes from being a demonic killer to a t hree year old scared of the water. This may be one reason director Ronny Yu has only directed one othe...