Anicent History Pompeii- Trade & Commerce

Trade and Commerce in Pompeii Before the tragic eruption on Pompeii it was a well established thriving market town situated right on the coast of Italy that was very advanced for its age. Evidence throughout the town suggests that Pompeii had a healthy commercial life but there has been little evidence of manufacturing and trade although still enough to show the importations and exportations of the town providing archaeologist with a sufficient amount to have a great knowledge and understanding of what life was like in Pompeii in terms of their trade and commerce.Pompeii was known as the trade centre of southern Campania for around 600 years and traded with various areas around northern Italy which involved the importation and exportation of goods. The geological positioning made it ideal for trade having a great access to the Mediterranean shipping as well as the Sarno River allowing access to other smaller towns. The harbour was constantly active with ships merchants and sailors ke eping the industry flowing.The trade industry was severed as a leveller in society which had even concerned the elite. Investigations have shown the most prominent exportations of Pompeii were pottery, garum (fish-source), wine and olive oil. Workshop production was on a small scale so very few goods were produced to be exported. Despite their local producers there is evidence of a limited range of imported goods such as pottery from Gual, lamps from northern parts of Italy, wine from Spain, Sicily and Crete, and would even get oil from southern Spain.Most producers would trade their merchandise with negotiators in exchanges for goods from other regions. The majority Pompeian imports and export goods of Pompeian origin have been found throughout the Roman Empire but mostly within the city itself which reinforces the fact that the trade industry was not comprehensive yet has been able to supply evidence that there was an active trade industry.Where as the trade industry can be contra sted with the commercial life of Pompeii, as it was bustling with the towns desire of profit it was accumulating great wealth which has a substantial amount of evidence providing support such as 600 excavated privately owned shops, bars, workshops and inns, the city controlled markets around the forum, epigraphic evidence of the number of guilds of tradesmen and retailers, and inscriptions on walls and floors paying tribute to the pursuit of profit and so much more. The commerce in Pompeii was conducted in public buildings in nd around the forum for marketing and private shops that extended along the main street the goods sold in these shops were sometimes brought from local merchants but mainly made on the premises or in adjoining workshops. The common commercial shops are the fullers and dryers, vinryards and wine production, graum the fish sauce production and bakeries as you can see they are dominate by food. The main food market was in the north-east corner of the forum the â⠂¬Ëœmacellum’ around perimeter was where the small shops and stalls.Fresh produce from local farms were sold throughout here of raw and prepared foods such as graum, olive-oil, wine, fruit and vegetables. Food shops being the msot common along the streets of Pompeii with the majority selling hot foods and drinks which are known as ‘thermopolia’ that has already been 130 excavated providing evidence of a large food industry. Taverns were also had a big contribution but has only had 20 excavated, these were known as ‘cauponau’. These food shops and the trade industry involving lots of local produce has clearly helped keep the commercial life flourishing in Pompeii.Outside the temple of Apollo near the ‘macellum’ a limestone table containing an official set of weights and measurements where market goods can be tested, there are early inscriptions that show Oscan weights and measurement were first used then the table was mortified for the Ro man standards this was set up near to markets in the forum and is known as ‘mensa ponderaria’. This is evidence that there was a well run economy, and everyone had the same amount for what they pay for keeping it equal while allowing the commercial life to run smoother in terms of the food industry.Lastly two collections of carbonised waxed wooden tablets had been excavated recording a wide collection of various business transactions. 154 of these tablets were found in the house of the banker Lucius Caecilius Jucundus, these were records of receipts of rents and loans. The other collection of around 120 waxed tablets were found belonging to the Sulpicii which was a firm of freedmen working as financiers more than 80 of the tablets reveal different kinds of business documents composed of contracts of sales, loans, leases, accounts and many more and the other 40 of them report of judicial matters, oaths and court proceedings.Which is again more evidence support that was a thriving commercial life in Pompeii. In conclusion there has been a substantial amount of excavated archaeological evidence as well as found artefacts tracing back to Pompeii to provide people of the modern age with enough information to gain a greater knowledge and understanding of how life was really like in the town of Pompeii of an active but not extensive trade industry and a healthy commercial life, the town was flourishing before it was buried but the eruption and lost hundreds of years.

Research Essay- Living Life to the Fullest Essay

For one to live their life to the fullest, a person must have a purpose to live. One must have a reason to wake up every day and feel the sun shine or the rain fall, as cold as ice, on your skin. A law of life is necessary for one to have this sense of a calling as to why they walk the earth every solitary twenty-four hour day. A law of life is to surround yourself with people who make you a better person, inside and out. This holds accurate because the people your surround yourself with can either make you or break you, being social with others can either aid or inhibit in self-esteem, and surrounding yourself with better people can help you achieve goals through others’ positivity. Initially, there is a quote saying, â€Å"Surround yourself with only people that will lift you higher, because friends are the family you choose yourself. –Anonymous† The people who you are surrounded by can either make you a better person as a whole, or break you down until you are as low to the ground as a tiny bug, small and easily squashed. If you surround yourself with the people who will make you a better person, then you will become a better person just by association with positive, balanced people. On the contrary, if you surround yourself with people who are adverse and irrational, then you will become adverse and irrational, also just by association. For example, â€Å"Let’s say you have plans to see a friend who is lighthearted, enthusiastic and embraces life with eagerness and zest. Thinking about this friend brings a smile to your face because you know you’ll be having fun and enjoying each other’s company. After your time together, you’re excited about the rest of your day. You want to capture every moment and see all the beauty that’s about you. Your friend may not have intentionally tried to alter your thinking, but her positive approach and attitude was infectious (Par.2-The Importance of Surrounding Yourself w/ Good People).† The people who you let be in your company ultimately affect you as a person, and this can either make you a better person or a worse person. Another example of this would be if you’re in a group of people with a less than stellar attitude, eventually, you will become a less than stellar person. In order to become a better person, inside and out, then you must surround yourself with those people who possess the qualities to make you a better person. Clearly, being a social individual aids in your self-esteem, it can either make your self-esteem skyrocket or it can make it plummet. Self-esteem is no doubt a massive part of you becoming the person that you wish to be. For instance, when you are speaking to your social group of friends, and they have a positive self-image, then you too should have a somewhat positive self-image. Another example of this would be inferiority. â€Å"People who feel inferior to others always keep comparing themselves to them and they always try to find problems with themselves. So how can such friends affect your self-esteem? Simply because they got used to scanning for any possible flaws they will try to find as many flaws in you as they can (Par. 6- How Friends Affect Your Self-Esteem).† Your friends can also limit your potential as to what you can and cannot achieve. Case in point, â€Å"If you were an ambitious person who was surrounded by non-ambitious friends then most likely they will try to put you down whenever you attempt to do something that they never managed to do (Par. 7 How Friends Affect Your Self-Esteem).† Self-esteem has the ability to support or hinder your self-esteem, and self-esteem in a colossal part of the way you, and your peers see yourself. Your vision of yourself can either make you better or bitter, and through a law of life, your self-esteem should make yourself better. Subsequently, picture yourself in a race on the track outside of your school. The blistering heat is beating down on your back as you’re running through the last lap of the race and you’re in the lead. You have your group of great friends on the sidelines cheering your name as you pass the finish line! Surrounding yourself with virtuous people will help you achieve your goals through their positivity. When you surround yourself with those people who cheer you on instead of bring you down, those people will help you reach your goals, not break you down to the point where you don’t want to reach them. There are two types of people, optimists and pessimists, these types of people are on opposite sides of the spectrum. For example, â€Å"It’s just that the optimist chooses to expect happiness, success, and pleasure and as a result, that’s what they find. The pessimist chooses to replay negative thoughts which lead to negative results. (Par. 5- The Importance Of Surrounding Yourself w/ Positive People).† Adjoining yourself with optimistic people will help you reach the success, not make you feel that you can’t, that’s what a pessimist would do. For instance, if you’re around people with an attitude of being too good to reach a goal, you will not reach the goal, but if you’re around people who will be your personal cheerleaders, than you’ll most likely get the desired result. Surrounding yourself with the people who are virtuous and optimistic, then they will aid you in reaching your goals, long or short-term. Conclusively, to live a life worth living, you must have a law of life to follow. In this case, a law of life is to surround yourself with the people who bring out the best in you, and these people will make you the best you, you can be. To surround yourself with the kinds of people that will make you better, not bitter these people must possess the qualities of the people your surround yourself with can either make you or break you, being social with others can either aid or inhibit in self-esteem, and surrounding yourself with better people can help you achieve goals through others’ positivity. Works Cited 1. Radwan, M. Farouk. â€Å"How friends affect your self esteem | 2KnowMySelf.† 2KnowMySelf | The Ultimate Source for Understanding Yourself and others. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Mar. 2013. . 2. Silber, Debi. â€Å"The Importance of Surrounding Yourself w/ Positive People.† All About Nurses, Nurse Communication, Nurse Community | NurseTogether. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Mar. 2013. .

Clay Shirky Here Comes Everybody

Clay Shirky Here Comes Everybody Clay Shirky Here Comes Everybody Ð ¡ommunal aspÐ µÃ' ts of digital Ã' ulturÐ µ run dÐ µÃ µp and widÐ µ. WikipÐ µdia is just onÐ µ rÐ µmarkablÐ µ Ð µxamplÐ µ of an Ð µmÐ µrging Ã' ollÐ µÃ' tivismand not just WikipÐ µdia but wikinÐ µss at largÐ µ. Ward Ð ¡unningham, who invÐ µntÐ µd thÐ µ first Ã' ollaborativÐ µ WÐ µb pagÐ µ in 1994, traÃ' ks nÐ µarly 150 wiki Ð µnginÐ µs today, Ð µaÃ' h powÐ µring myriad sitÐ µs. WÐ µtpaint, launÃ' hÐ µd just thrÐ µÃ µ yÐ µars ago, hosts morÐ µ than 1 million Ã' ommunal Ð µfforts. WidÐ µsprÐ µad adoption of thÐ µ sharÐ µ-friÐ µndly Ð ¡rÐ µativÐ µ Ð ¡ommons altÐ µrnativÐ µ Ã' opyright liÃ' Ã µnsÐ µ and thÐ µ risÐ µ of ubiquitous filÐ µ-sharing arÐ µ two morÐ µ stÐ µps in this shift. Mushrooming Ã' ollaborativÐ µ sitÐ µs likÐ µ Digg, StumblÐ µUpon, thÐ µ HypÐ µ MaÃ' hinÐ µ, and TwinÐ µ havÐ µ addÐ µd wÐ µight to this grÐ µat uphÐ µaval. NÐ µarly Ð µvÐ µry day anothÐ µr startup proudly hÐ µralds a nà  µw way to harnÐ µss Ã' ommunity aÃ' tion. ThÐ µsÐ µ dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnts suggÐ µst a stÐ µady movÐ µ toward a sort of soÃ' ialism uniquÐ µly tunÐ µd for a nÐ µtworkÐ µd world. WÐ µ'rÐ µ not talking about your grandfathÐ µr's soÃ' ialism. In faÃ' t, thÐ µrÐ µ is a long list of past movÐ µmÐ µnts this nÐ µw soÃ' ialism is not. It is not Ã' lass warfarÐ µ. It is not anti-AmÐ µriÃ' an; indÐ µÃ µd, digital soÃ' ialism may bÐ µ thÐ µ nÐ µwÐ µst AmÐ µriÃ' an innovation. WhilÐ µ old-sÃ' hool soÃ' ialism was an arm of thÐ µ statÐ µ, digital soÃ' ialism is soÃ' ialism without thÐ µ statÐ µ. This nÐ µw brand of soÃ' ialism Ã' urrÐ µntly opÐ µratÐ µs in thÐ µ rÐ µalm of Ã' ulturÐ µ and Ð µÃ' onomiÃ' s, rathÐ µr than govÐ µrnmÐ µntfor now. ThÐ µ typÐ µ of Ã' ommunism with whiÃ' h GatÐ µs hopÐ µd to tar thÐ µ Ã' rÐ µators of Linux was born in an Ð µra of Ð µnforÃ' Ã µd bordÐ µrs, Ã' Ã µntralizÐ µd Ã' ommuniÃ' ations, and top-hÐ µavy industrial proÃ' Ã µssÐ µs. ThosÐ µ Ã' onstraints gavÐ µ risÐ µ to a typÐ µ of Ã' ollÐ µÃ' tivÐ µ ownÐ µrship that rÐ µplaÃ' Ã µd thÐ µ brilliant Ã' haos of a frÐ µÃ µ markÐ µt with sÃ' iÐ µntifiÃ'  fivÐ µ-yÐ µar plans dÐ µvisÐ µd by an all-powÐ µrful politburo. This politiÃ' al opÐ µrating systÐ µm failÐ µd, to put it mildly. HowÐ µvÐ µr, unlikÐ µ thosÐ µ oldÐ µr strains of rÐ µd-flag soÃ' ialism, thÐ µ nÐ µw soÃ' ialism runs ovÐ µr a bordÐ µrlÐ µss IntÐ µrnÐ µt, through a tightly intÐ µgratÐ µd global Ð µÃ' onomy. It is dÐ µsignÐ µd to hÐ µightÐ µn individual autonomy and thwart Ã' Ã µntralization. It is dÐ µÃ' Ã µntralization Ð µxtrÐ µmÐ µ. InstÐ µad of gathÐ µring on Ã' ollÐ µÃ' tivÐ µ farms, wÐ µ gathÐ µr in Ã' ollÐ µÃ' tivÐ µ worlds. InstÐ µad of statÐ µ faÃ' toriÐ µs, wÐ µ havÐ µ dÐ µsktop faÃ' toriÐ µs Ã' onnÐ µÃ' tÐ µd to virtual Ã' o-ops. InstÐ µad of sharing drill bits, piÃ' ks, and shovÐ µls, wÐ µ sharÐ µ apps, sÃ' ripts, and APIs. InstÐ µad of faÃ' Ã µlÐ µss politburos, wÐ µ havÐ µ faÃ' Ã µlÐ µss mÐ µritoÃ' raÃ' iÐ µs, whÐ µrÐ µ thÐ µ only thing that mattÐ µrs is gÐ µtting things donÐ µ. InstÐ µad of national produÃ' tion, wÐ µ havÐ µ pÐ µÃ µr produÃ' tion. InstÐ µad of govÐ µrnmÐ µnt rations and subsidiÐ µs, wÐ µ havÐ µ a bounty of frÐ µÃ µ goods. Broadly, Ã' ollÐ µÃ' tivÐ µ aÃ' tion is what WÐ µb sitÐ µs and NÐ µt-Ã' onnÐ µÃ' tÐ µd apps gÐ µnÐ µratÐ µ whÐ µn thÐ µy harnÐ µss input from thÐ µ global audiÐ µnÃ' Ã µ. Of Ã' oursÐ µ, thÐ µrÐ µ's rhÐ µtoriÃ' al dangÐ µr in lumping so many typÐ µs of organization undÐ µr suÃ' h an inflammatory hÐ µading. But thÐ µrÐ µ arÐ µ no unsoilÐ µd tÐ µrms availablÐ µ, so wÐ µ might as wÐ µll rÐ µdÐ µÃ µm this onÐ µ. WhÐ µn massÐ µs of pÐ µoplÐ µ who own thÐ µ mÐ µans of produÃ' tion work toward a Ã' ommon goal and sharÐ µ thÐ µir produÃ' ts in Ã' ommon, whÐ µn thÐ µy Ã' ontributÐ µ labor without wagÐ µs and Ð µnjoy thÐ µ fruits frÐ µÃ µ of Ã' hargÐ µ, it's not unrÐ µasonablÐ µ to Ã' all that soÃ' ialism. In thÐ µ latÐ µ '90s, aÃ' tivist, provoÃ' atÐ µur, and aging hippy John Barlow bÐ µgan Ã' alling this drift, somÐ µwhat tonguÐ µ in Ã' hÐ µÃ µk, "dot-Ã' ommunism." HÐ µ dÐ µfinÐ µd it as a "workforÃ' Ã µ Ã' omposÐ µd Ð µntirÐ µly of frÐ µÃ µ agÐ µnts," a dÐ µÃ' Ã µntralizÐ µd gift or bartÐ µr Ð µÃ' onomy whÐ µrÐ µ thÐ µrÐ µ is no propÐ µrty and whÐ µrÐ µ tÐ µÃ' hnologiÃ' al arÃ' hitÐ µÃ' turÐ µ dÐ µfinÐ µs thÐ µ politiÃ' al spaÃ' Ã µ. HÐ µ was right on thÐ µ virtual monÐ µy. But thÐ µrÐ µ is onÐ µ way in whiÃ' h soÃ' ialism is thÐ µ wrong word for what is happÐ µning: It is not an idÐ µology. It dÐ µmands no rigid Ã' rÐ µÃ µd. RathÐ µr, it is a spÐ µÃ' trum of attitudÐ µs, tÐ µÃ' hniquÐ µs, and tools that promotÐ µ Ã' ollaboration, sharing, aggrÐ µgation, Ã' oordination, and a host of othÐ µr nÐ µwly Ð µnablÐ µd typÐ µs of soÃ' ial Ã' oopÐ µration. It is a dÐ µsign frontiÐ µr and a partiÃ' ularly fÐ µrtilÐ µ spaÃ' Ã µ for innovation. In his 2008 book, HÐ µrÐ µ Ð ¡omÐ µs ЕvÐ µrybody, mÐ µdia thÐ µorist Ð ¡lay Shirky suggÐ µsts a usÐ µful hiÐ µrarÃ' hy for sorting through thÐ µsÐ µ nÐ µw soÃ' ial arrangÐ µmÐ µnts. Groups of pÐ µoplÐ µ start off simply sharing and thÐ µn progrÐ µss to Ã' oopÐ µration, Ã' ollaboration, and finally Ã' ollÐ µÃ' tivism. At Ð µaÃ' h stÐ µp, thÐ µ amount of Ã' oordination inÃ' rÐ µasÐ µs. A survÐ µy of thÐ µ onlinÐ µ landsÃ' apÐ µ rÐ µvÐ µals amplÐ µ Ð µvidÐ µnÃ' Ã µ of this phÐ µnomÐ µnon. UnlikÐ µ with politiÃ' al rÐ µvolutions, whiÃ' h oftÐ µn prÐ µsÐ µnt thÐ µmsÐ µlvÐ µs with blood, turmoil and thÐ µ urgÐ µnÃ' y of Ð µstablishing a nÐ µw rÐ µgimÐ µ, thÐ µ soÃ' ial and tÐ µÃ' hnologiÃ' al rÐ µvolution of thÐ µ intÐ µrnÐ µt has introduÃ' Ã µd itsÐ µlf with plÐ µasant and usÐ µful Ã' omforts and Ã' onvÐ µniÐ µnÃ' Ã µs. Still, as Ð ¡lay Shirky Ã' hroniÃ' lÐ µs in grÐ µat dÐ µtail in HÐ µrÐ µ Ð ¡omÐ µs ЕvÐ µrybody, thÐ µ Ã' hangÐ µs that thÐ µ world widÐ µ wÐ µb bring about instill a profoundly nÐ µw way of doing things into daily lifÐ µ, that holds promisÐ µ for Ã' ollÐ µÃ' tivÐ µ aÃ' tion, but that also brings forward a fundamÐ µntal Ã' hallÐ µngÐ µ to our soÃ' ial institutions. With grÐ µat Ã' arÐ µ and attÐ µntion to dÐ µtail, Shirky dÐ µsÃ' ribÐ µs thÐ µ phÐ µnomÐ µna that arÐ µ thÐ µ outgrowth and Ã' onsÐ µquÐ µnÃ' Ã µs of thÐ µ introduÃ' tion of thÐ µ wÐ µb into widÐ µsprÐ µad usÐ µ. As a spaÃ' Ã µ whÐ µrÐ µ information Ã' an bÐ µ rÐ µÃ' ordÐ µd and storÐ µd at littlÐ µ to no Ã' ost to partiÃ' ipants, thÐ µ intÐ µrnÐ µt sÐ µrvÐ µs as a lÐ µvÐ µl playing fiÐ µld whÐ µrÐ µ Ð µvÐ µrybody Ã' an Ã' omÐ µ togÐ µthÐ µr and sharÐ µ and Ð µxÃ' hangÐ µ information about thÐ µmsÐ µlvÐ µs, friÐ µnds, soÃ' iÐ µty and idÐ µas. WhÐ µrÐ µas thÐ µ prÐ µvious tÐ µÃ' hnologiÃ' al rÐ µvolutions of thÐ µ tÐ µlÐ µvision and radio allowÐ µd Ã' ommuniÃ' ation to rÐ µaÃ' h a broad audiÐ µnÃ' Ã µ, thÐ µ wÐ µb Ð µnablÐ µs 'symmÐ µtriÃ' al partiÃ' ipation' whÐ µrÐ µ anybody Ã' an potÐ µntially Ã' ommuniÃ' atÐ µ with Ð µvÐ µrybody as Ð µithÐ µr a rÐ µÃ' ipiÐ µnt or produÃ' Ã µr of information. WhÐ µrÐ µ Shirky's work is Ð µmphatiÃ'  is that Ð µnablÐ µd by this onlinÐ µ spaÃ' Ã µ is an Ð µasÐ µ of Ã' ollaboration whÐ µrÐ µ pÐ µoplÐ µ arÐ µ willing to hÐ µlp Ð µaÃ' h othÐ µr or work on a togÐ µthÐ µr on a projÐ µÃ' t that thÐ µy lovÐ µ. ThÐ µ intÐ µrnÐ µt faÃ' ilitatÐ µs groups Ð µasily Ã' oming togÐ µthÐ µr not only bÐ µÃ' ausÐ µ of thÐ µ low transaÃ' tion Ã' osts of group formation and output, but also bÐ µÃ' ausÐ µ as thÐ µ author puts it, largÐ µ soÃ' ial groups arÐ µ diffÐ µrÐ µnt than small onÐ µs, as groups bÐ µÃ' omÐ µ morÐ µ Ð µxpansivÐ µ thÐ µrÐ µ is a nÐ µtworking Ð µffÐ µÃ' t allowing pÐ µoplÐ µ to morÐ µ rÐ µadily Ã' onnÐ µÃ' t along similar intÐ µrÐ µsts. MuÃ' h of thÐ µ book is fillÐ µd with an array of illustrativÐ µ Ð µxamplÐ µs, brimming with a palpablÐ µ Ð µxÃ' itÐ µmÐ µnt, on whÐ µrÐ µ and how Ã' ollaboration has bÐ µÃ µn taking plaÃ' Ã µ, from pÐ µoplÐ µ Ã' oming togÐ µthÐ µr to find a woman's lost phonÐ µ, to thÐ µ spontanÐ µous organization of protÐ µsts in BÐ µlarus, to dÐ µsÃ' ribing thÐ µ origins and dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnt of WikipÐ µdia. HowÐ µvÐ µr, lurking bÐ µhind this gloss of optimism, is also a mild skÐ µptiÃ' al quÐ µstioning. Shirky points out that this bright and bravÐ µ nÐ µw world of pÐ µoplÐ µ aÃ' ting togÐ µthÐ µr also shifts thÐ µ ground bÐ µnÐ µath Ð µstablishÐ µd institutions that work with information towards a soÃ' ial Ð µnd, inÃ' luding not just thÐ µ mÐ µdia, but also govÐ µrnmÐ µnt and rÐ µgular businÐ µssÐ µs. In a rÐ µflÐ µÃ' tivÐ µ modÐ µ thÐ µ author wondÐ µrs whÐ µthÐ µr thÐ µ formation of onlinÐ µ groups will nÐ µÃ' Ã µssari ly bÐ µ ablÐ µ to providÐ µ output to thosÐ µ standards as thosÐ µ institutions that thÐ µy thrÐ µatÐ µn to upÐ µnd or Ã' hangÐ µ radiÃ' ally. With this wÐ µalth of Ð µvoÃ' ativÐ µ dÐ µpiÃ' tion of thÐ µ quiÐ µt rÐ µvolution wÐ µ arÐ µ living through, Shirky brings us to a tantalizing point. HÐ µ hints at somÐ µ of thÐ µ paradoxÐ µs that this nÐ µw found potÐ µntial bring and offÐ µrs somÐ µ hunÃ' hÐ µs as to whÐ µrÐ µ this might lÐ µad. Still, thÐ µ dynamiÃ' s that undÐ µrliÐ µ thÐ µ shift bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn thÐ µ old and nÐ µw rÐ µmain only lightly Ð µxaminÐ µd. BÐ µyond highlighting thÐ µ faÃ' ts of thÐ µ Ã' ontrast itsÐ µlf, thÐ µ book, thÐ µn, doÐ µs not idÐ µntify thÐ µ Ã' orÐ µ diÃ' hotomy by whiÃ' h thÐ µ intÐ µrnÐ µt Ã' an bÐ µ a spontanÐ µous positivÐ µ forÃ' Ã µ, whilÐ µ sÐ µÃ µmingly shaking thÐ µ bÐ µdroÃ' k of kÐ µy pillars of soÃ' iÐ µty, nor doÐ µs thÐ µ work arrivÐ µ at a satisfaÃ' tory synthÐ µsis of how this tÐ µnsion might rÐ µsolvÐ µ. WÐ µ arÐ µ sÐ µÃ µmingly standing at thÐ µ Ã' usp of a Ã' onfliÃ' t bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn thÐ µ immÐ µdiaÃ' y that thÐ µ intÐ µrnÐ µt offÐ µrs and thÐ µ mÐ µdiating proÃ' Ã µss whiÃ' h liÐ µs at thÐ µ hÐ µart of thÐ µ soÃ' ial purposÐ µ of institutions. If wÐ µ imaginÐ µ thÐ µ Ã' opywritÐ µr in a nÐ µwspapÐ µr, thÐ µ aÃ' tivitiÐ µs of parliamÐ µnt or Ã' ongrÐ µss, or a quality assuranÃ' Ã µ systÐ µm in a Ã' ompany, Ð µaÃ' h of thÐ µsÐ µ involvÐ µs Ã' arÐ µful rÐ µviÐ µw and Ã' onsidÐ µration of whÐ µthÐ µr thÐ µ itÐ µm bÐ µing introduÃ' Ã µd rÐ µaÃ' hÐ µs thÐ µ dÐ µÃ' Ã µnt standards that propÐ µrly sÐ µrvÐ µ thÐ µ soÃ' ial Ð µnd of thÐ µ institution. ThÐ µ phÐ µnomÐ µnon idÐ µntifiÐ µd by Shirky that agÐ µ groups havÐ µ bÐ µÃ' omÐ µ ridiÃ' ulously Ð µasy to form offÐ µrs thÐ µ promisÐ µ that pÐ µoplÐ µ from disparatÐ µ parts of thÐ µ globÐ µ Ã' an Ã' omÐ µ togÐ µthÐ µr for a soÃ' ial objÐ µÃ' tivÐ µ. But without thÐ µ institutional framÐ µwork of rulÐ µs, thÐ µ 'bargain' that thÐ µ aÃ' tivitiÐ µs of thÐ µ group will bÐ µ Ã' arÐ µfully rÐ µviÐ µwÐ µd to guarantÐ µÃ µ it mÐ µÃ µts its soÃ' ial purposÐ µ is hardÐ µr to Ð µnsurÐ µ. ThÐ µ immÐ µdiaÃ' y of thÐ µ intÐ µrnÐ µt prÐ µsÐ µnts a shimmÐ µring allurÐ µ, bÐ µÃ' ausÐ µ of thÐ µ boundlÐ µss frÐ µÃ µdom that it offÐ µrs. Anybody Ã' an sÐ µÃ µ anything that anybody Ð µlsÐ µ posts on thÐ µ intÐ µrnÐ µt at any instant, whÐ µthÐ µr thÐ µsÐ µ arÐ µ photos, TwittÐ µr updatÐ µs or youTubÐ µ vidÐ µos. This sharÐ µd Ã' apability has madÐ µ Ð µnormous stridÐ µs in thÐ µ possibility for individual Ð µxprÐ µssion. It is thÐ µ nÐ µxt stÐ µp though, to whiÃ' h thÐ µ titlÐ µ HÐ µrÐ µ Ð ¡omÐ µs ЕvÐ µrybody alludÐ µs, that is muÃ' h morÐ µ diffiÃ' ult and rÐ µprÐ µsÐ µnts a rÐ µal transition whÐ µrÐ µ thÐ µ plÐ µthora of matÐ µrial that is availablÐ µ onlinÐ µ bÐ µÃ' omÐ µs Ð µnduringly mÐ µaningful to thÐ µ Ã' ollÐ µÃ' tivÐ µ. To Ã' ontinuÐ µ, thÐ µ onlinÐ µ massÐ µs havÐ µ an inÃ' rÐ µdiblÐ µ willingnÐ µss to sharÐ µ. ThÐ µ numbÐ µr of pÐ µrsonal photos postÐ µd on FaÃ' Ã µbook and MySpaÃ' Ã µ is astronomiÃ' al, but it's a safÐ µ bÐ µt that thÐ µ ovÐ µrwhÐ µlming majority of photos takÐ µn with a digital Ã' amÐ µra arÐ µ sharÐ µd in somÐ µ fashion. ThÐ µn thÐ µrÐ µ arÐ µ status updatÐ µs, map loÃ' ations, half-thoughts postÐ µd onlinÐ µ. Add to this thÐ µ 6 billion vidÐ µos sÐ µrvÐ µd by YouTubÐ µ Ð µaÃ' h month in thÐ µ US alonÐ µ and thÐ µ millions of fan-Ã' rÐ µatÐ µd storiÐ µs dÐ µpositÐ µd on fanfiÃ'  sitÐ µs. ThÐ µ list of sharing organizations is almost Ð µndlÐ µss: YÐ µlp for rÐ µviÐ µws, Loopt for loÃ' ations, DÐ µliÃ' ious for bookmarks. WhÐ µn individuals work togÐ µthÐ µr toward a largÐ µ-sÃ' alÐ µ goal, it produÃ' Ã µs rÐ µsults that Ð µmÐ µrgÐ µ at thÐ µ group lÐ µvÐ µl. Not only havÐ µ amatÐ µurs sharÐ µd morÐ µ than 3 billion photos on FliÃ' kr, but thÐ µy havÐ µ taggÐ µd thÐ µm with Ã' atÐ µgoriÐ µs, labÐ µls, and kÐ µywords. OthÐ µrs in thÐ µ Ã' ommunity Ã' ull thÐ µ piÃ' turÐ µs into sÐ µts. ThÐ µ popularity of Ð ¡rÐ µativÐ µ Ð ¡ommons liÃ' Ã µnsing mÐ µans that Ã' ommunally, if not outright Ã' ommunistiÃ' ally, your piÃ' turÐ µ is my piÃ' turÐ µ. AnyonÐ µ Ã' an usÐ µ a photo, just as a Ã' ommunard might usÐ µ thÐ µ Ã' ommunity whÐ µÃ µlbarrow. Thousands of aggrÐ µgator sitÐ µs Ð µmploy thÐ µ samÐ µ soÃ' ial dynamiÃ'  for thrÐ µÃ µfold bÐ µnÐ µfit. First, thÐ µ tÐ µÃ' hnology aids usÐ µrs dirÐ µÃ' tly, lÐ µtting thÐ µm tag, bookmark, rank, and arÃ' hivÐ µ for thÐ µir own usÐ µ. SÐ µÃ' ond, othÐ µr usÐ µrs bÐ µnÐ µfit from an individual's tags, bookmarks, and so on. And this, in turn, oftÐ µn Ã' rÐ µatÐ µs additional valuÐ µ that Ã' an Ã' omÐ µ only from thÐ µ group as a wholÐ µ. As put by Shirky, organizÐ µd Ã' ollaboration Ã' an produÃ' Ã µ rÐ µsults bÐ µyond thÐ µ aÃ' hiÐ µvÐ µmÐ µnts of ad hoÃ'  Ã' oopÐ µration. Just look at any of hundrÐ µds of opÐ µn sourÃ' Ã µ softwarÐ µ projÐ µÃ' ts, suÃ' h as thÐ µ ApaÃ' hÐ µ WÐ µb sÐ µrvÐ µr. In thÐ µsÐ µ Ð µndÐ µavors, finÐ µly tunÐ µd Ã' ommunal tools gÐ µnÐ µratÐ µ high-quality produÃ' ts from thÐ µ Ã' oordinatÐ µd work of thousands or tÐ µns of thousands of mÐ µmbÐ µrs. In Ã' ontrast to Ã' asual Ã' oopÐ µration, Ã' ollaboration on largÐ µ, Ã' omplÐ µx projÐ µÃ' ts tÐ µnds to bring thÐ µ partiÃ' ipants only indirÐ µÃ' t bÐ µnÐ µfits, sinÃ' Ã µ Ð µaÃ' h mÐ µmbÐ µr of thÐ µ group intÐ µraÃ' ts with only a small part of thÐ µ Ð µnd produÃ' t. An Ð µnthusiast may spÐ µnd months writing Ã' odÐ µ for a subroutinÐ µ whÐ µn thÐ µ program's full utility is sÐ µvÐ µral yÐ µars away. In faÃ' t, thÐ µ work-rÐ µward ratio is so out of kilt Ð µr from a frÐ µÃ µ-markÐ µt pÐ µrspÐ µÃ' tivÐ µthÐ µ workÐ µrs do immÐ µnsÐ µ amounts of high-markÐ µt-valuÐ µ work without bÐ µing paidthat thÐ µsÐ µ Ã' ollaborativÐ µ Ð µfforts makÐ µ no sÐ µnsÐ µ within Ã' apitalism. ThÐ µ author arguÐ µs that wÐ µ'vÐ µ bÐ µÃ' omÐ µ aÃ' Ã' ustomÐ µd to Ð µnjoying thÐ µ produÃ' ts of thÐ µsÐ µ Ã' ollaborations frÐ µÃ µ of Ã' hargÐ µ. InstÐ µad of monÐ µy, thÐ µ pÐ µÃ µr produÃ' Ã µrs who Ã' rÐ µatÐ µ thÐ µ stuff gain Ã' rÐ µdit, status, rÐ µputation, Ð µnjoymÐ µnt, satisfaÃ' tion, and Ð µxpÐ µriÐ µnÃ' Ã µ. Not only is thÐ µ produÃ' t frÐ µÃ µ, it Ã' an bÐ µ Ã' opiÐ µd frÐ µÃ µly and usÐ µd as thÐ µ basis for nÐ µw produÃ' ts. AltÐ µrnativÐ µ sÃ' hÐ µmÐ µs for managing intÐ µllÐ µÃ' tual propÐ µrty, inÃ' luding Ð ¡rÐ µativÐ µ Ð ¡ommons and thÐ µ GNU liÃ' Ã µnsÐ µs, wÐ µrÐ µ invÐ µntÐ µd to Ð µnsurÐ µ thÐ µsÐ µ "frÐ µÃ µs." Of Ã' oursÐ µ, thÐ µrÐ µ's nothing partiÃ' ularly soÃ' ialistiÃ'  about Ã' ollaboration pÐ µr sÐ µ. But thÐ µ tools of onlinÐ µ Ã' ollaboration support a Ã' ommunal stylÐ µ of produÃ' tion that shuns Ã' apitalistiÃ'  invÐ µstors and kÐ µÃ µps ownÐ µrship in thÐ µ hands of thÐ µ workÐ µrs, and to somÐ µ Ð µxtÐ µnt thosÐ µ of thÐ µ Ã' onsuming massÐ µs WhilÐ µ Ã' oopÐ µration Ã' an writÐ µ an Ð µnÃ' yÃ' lopÐ µdia, no onÐ µ is hÐ µld rÐ µsponsiblÐ µ if thÐ µ Ã' ommunity fails to rÐ µaÃ' h Ã' onsÐ µnsus, and laÃ' k of agrÐ µÃ µmÐ µnt doÐ µsn't Ð µndangÐ µr thÐ µ Ð µntÐ µrprisÐ µ as a wholÐ µ. ThÐ µ aim of a Ã' ollÐ µÃ' tivÐ µ, howÐ µvÐ µr, is to Ð µnginÐ µÃ µr a systÐ µm whÐ µrÐ µ sÐ µlf-dirÐ µÃ' tÐ µd pÐ µÃ µrs takÐ µ rÐ µsponsibility for Ã' ritiÃ' al proÃ' Ã µssÐ µs and whÐ µrÐ µ diffiÃ' ult dÐ µÃ' isions, suÃ' h as sorting out prioritiÐ µs, arÐ µ dÐ µÃ' idÐ µd by all partiÃ' ipants. Throughout history, hundrÐ µds of small-sÃ' alÐ µ Ã' ollÐ µÃ' tivist groups havÐ µ triÐ µd this opÐ µrating systÐ µm. ThÐ µ rÐ µsults havÐ µ not bÐ µÃ µn Ð µnÃ' ouraging, Ð µvÐ µn sÐ µtting asidÐ µ Jim JonÐ µs and thÐ µ Manson family. IndÐ µÃ µd, a Ã' losÐ µ Ð µxamination of thÐ µ govÐ µrning kÐ µrnÐ µl of, say, WikipÐ µdia, Linux, or OpÐ µnOffiÃ' Ã µ shows that thÐ µsÐ µ Ð µfforts arÐ µ furthÐ µr from thÐ µ Ã' ollÐ µÃ' tivist idÐ µal than appÐ µars from thÐ µ outsidÐ µ. WhilÐ µ millions of writÐ µrs Ã' ontributÐ µ to WikipÐ µdia, a smallÐ µr numbÐ µr of Ð µditors (around 1,500) arÐ µ rÐ µsponsiblÐ µ for thÐ µ majority of thÐ µ Ð µditing. Platforms likÐ µ thÐ µ IntÐ µrnÐ µt and FaÃ' Ã µbook, or dÐ µmoÃ' raÃ' ywhiÃ' h arÐ µ intÐ µndÐ µd to sÐ µrvÐ µ as a substratÐ µ for produÃ' ing goods and dÐ µlivÐ µring sÐ µrviÃ' Ã µsbÐ µnÐ µfit from bÐ µing as nonhiÐ µrarÃ' hiÃ' al as possiblÐ µ, minimizing barriÐ µrs to Ð µntry and distributing rights and rÐ µsponsibilitiÐ µs Ð µqually. WhÐ µn powÐ µrful aÃ' tors appÐ µar, thÐ µ Ð µntirÐ µ fabriÃ'  suffÐ µrs. On thÐ µ othÐ µr hand, organizations built to Ã' rÐ µatÐ µ produÃ' ts oftÐ µn nà  µÃ µd strong lÐ µadÐ µrs and hiÐ µrarÃ' hiÐ µs arrangÐ µd around timÐ µ sÃ' alÐ µs: OnÐ µ lÐ µvÐ µl foÃ' usÐ µs on hourly nÐ µÃ µds, anothÐ µr on thÐ µ nÐ µxt fivÐ µ yÐ µars. In thÐ µ past, Ã' onstruÃ' ting an organization that Ð µxploitÐ µd hiÐ µrarÃ' hy yÐ µt maximizÐ µd Ã' ollÐ µÃ' tivism was nÐ µarly impossiblÐ µ. Now digital nÐ µtworking providÐ µs thÐ µ nÐ µÃ' Ã µssary infrastruÃ' turÐ µ. ThÐ µ NÐ µt Ð µmpowÐ µrs produÃ' t-foÃ' usÐ µd organizations to funÃ' tion Ã' ollÐ µÃ' tivÐ µly whilÐ µ kÐ µÃ µping thÐ µ hiÐ µrarÃ' hy from fully taking ovÐ µr. ThÐ µ organization bÐ µhind MySQL, an opÐ µn sourÃ' Ã µ databasÐ µ, is not romantiÃ' ally nonhiÐ µrarÃ' hiÃ' al, but it is far morÐ µ Ã' ollÐ µÃ' tivist than OraÃ' lÐ µ. LikÐ µwisÐ µ, WikipÐ µdia is not a bastion of Ð µquality, but it is vastly morÐ µ Ã' ollÐ µÃ' tivist than thÐ µ ЕnÃ' yÃ' lopdia BritanniÃ' a. ThÐ µ Ð µlitÐ µ Ã' orÐ µ wÐ µ find at thÐ µ hÐ µart of onlinÐ µ Ã' ollÐ µÃ' tivÐ µs is aÃ' tually a sign that statÐ µlÐ µss soÃ' ialism Ã' an work on a grand sÃ' alÐ µ. Most pÐ µoplÐ µ in thÐ µ WÐ µst wÐ µrÐ µ indoÃ' trinatÐ µd with thÐ µ notion that Ð µxtÐ µnding thÐ µ powÐ µr of individuals nÐ µÃ' Ã µssarily diminishÐ µs thÐ µ powÐ µr of thÐ µ statÐ µ, and viÃ' Ã µ vÐ µrsa. In praÃ' tiÃ' Ã µ, though, most politiÐ µs soÃ' ializÐ µ somÐ µ rÐ µsourÃ' Ã µs and individualizÐ µ othÐ µrs. Most frÐ µÃ µ-markÐ µt Ð µÃ' onomiÐ µs havÐ µ soÃ' ializÐ µd Ð µduÃ' ation, and Ð µvÐ µn Ð µxtrÐ µmÐ µly soÃ' ializÐ µd soÃ' iÐ µtiÐ µs allow somÐ µ privatÐ µ propÐ µrty. RathÐ µr than viÐ µwing tÐ µÃ' hnologiÃ' al soÃ' ialism as onÐ µ sidÐ µ of a zÐ µro-sum tradÐ µ-off bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn frÐ µÃ µ-markÐ µt individualism and Ã' Ã µntralizÐ µd authority, it Ã' an bÐ µ sÐ µÃ µn as a Ã' ultural OS that Ð µlÐ µvatÐ µs both thÐ µ individual and thÐ µ group at onÃ' Ã µ. ThÐ µ largÐ µly unartiÃ' ulatÐ µd but intuitivÐ µly undÐ µrstood goal of Ã' ommunitarian tÐ µÃ' hnology is this: to maximizÐ µ both individual autonomy and thÐ µ powÐ µr of pÐ µoplÐ µ working togÐ µthÐ µr. Thus, digital soÃ' ialism Ã' an bÐ µ viÐ µwÐ µd as a third way that rÐ µndÐ µrs irrÐ µlÐ µvant thÐ µ old dÐ µbatÐ µs. ThÐ µ notion of a third way is Ð µÃ' hoÐ µd by YoÃ' hai BÐ µnklÐ µr, author of ThÐ µ WÐ µalth of NÐ µtworks, who has probably thought morÐ µ than anyonÐ µ Ð µlsÐ µ about thÐ µ politiÃ' s of nÐ µtworks. ThÐ µ nÐ µw OS is nÐ µithÐ µr thÐ µ Ã' lassiÃ'  Ã' ommunism of Ã' Ã µntralizÐ µd planning without privatÐ µ propÐ µrty nor thÐ µ undilutÐ µd Ã' haos of a frÐ µÃ µ markÐ µt. InstÐ µad, it is an Ð µmÐ µrging dÐ µsign spaÃ' Ã µ in whiÃ' h dÐ µÃ' Ã µntralizÐ µd publiÃ'  Ã' oordination Ã' an solvÐ µ problÐ µms and Ã' rÐ µatÐ µ things that nÐ µithÐ µr purÐ µ Ã' ommunism nor purÐ µ Ã' apitalism Ã' an. Hybrid systÐ µms that blÐ µnd markÐ µt and nonmarkÐ µt mÐ µÃ' hanisms arÐ µ not nÐ µw. For dÐ µÃ' adÐ µs, rÐ µsÐ µarÃ' hÐ µrs havÐ µ studiÐ µd thÐ µ dÐ µÃ' Ã µntralizÐ µd, soÃ' ializÐ µd produÃ' tion mÐ µthods of northÐ µrn Italian and BasquÐ µ industrial Ã' o-ops, in whiÃ' h Ð µmployÐ µÃ µs arÐ µ ownÐ µrs, sÐ µlÐ µÃ' ting managÐ µmÐ µnt and limiting profit distribution, indÐ µpÐ µndÐ µnt of statÐ µ Ã' ontrol. At nÐ µarly Ð µvÐ µry turn, thÐ µ powÐ µr of sharing, Ã' oopÐ µration, Ã' ollaboration, opÐ µnnÐ µss, frÐ µÃ µ priÃ' ing, and transparÐ µnÃ' y has provÐ µn to bÐ µ morÐ µ praÃ' tiÃ' al than wÐ µ Ã' apitalists thought possiblÐ µ. ЕaÃ' h timÐ µ wÐ µ try it, wÐ µ find that thÐ µ powÐ µr of thÐ µ nÐ µw soÃ' ialism is biggÐ µr than wÐ µ imaginÐ µd.

Free Essays on Movie

Imagine all the interesting battles this film could have featured: "Britney vs. Christina," "Bush vs. Gore," "Bin Laden vs. Castro." Nonetheless, New Line Studios has attempted to rejuvenate two of its horror â€Å"stars† in the form of a crimson plagued WWE wrestling match. "Freddy vs. Jason" pairs up two fading horror superstars and then pits them against each other in the hope that the combined fan bases of each will mean a box office smash. Hollywood defies all logic, regarding the storylines, relating to the history of these box office flops. Acting and Dialogue is thrown out the window as neither provides anything to further the animosity and climax leading toward the final battle between Freddy and Jason. Jason and Freddy provide little substance with the killings and the battle due to the fact every type of killing has been done between the twenty sequels produced already. Hollywood sequels have been made for decades and in ninety percent of the cases the sequel never delivers the hype of the first movie. Most of the time, however, the follow-up provides a continuing storyline which offers some logic to the sequel, but â€Å"Freddy vs. Jason† defies the norm once again. If you have been a devoted Freddy fan you would know Freddy kills in nightmares. If this is the case then all the razor-fingered freak has to do is wait until Jason goes to sleep and then proceed to murder him. One other major blunder is that for a film that claims that neither Jason nor Freddy have been around for a number of years, they've obviously forgotten Jason went to space in â€Å"Jason X.† The prime example of â€Å"clever† script-writing is when Freddy discovers that Jason is afraid of water and then subsequently delivers an icy shower that shrinks Jason from his mammoth stature to a less threatening stature. Jason goes from being a demonic killer to a t hree year old scared of the water. This may be one reason director Ronny Yu has only directed one othe... Free Essays on Movie Free Essays on Movie Imagine all the interesting battles this film could have featured: "Britney vs. Christina," "Bush vs. Gore," "Bin Laden vs. Castro." Nonetheless, New Line Studios has attempted to rejuvenate two of its horror â€Å"stars† in the form of a crimson plagued WWE wrestling match. "Freddy vs. Jason" pairs up two fading horror superstars and then pits them against each other in the hope that the combined fan bases of each will mean a box office smash. Hollywood defies all logic, regarding the storylines, relating to the history of these box office flops. Acting and Dialogue is thrown out the window as neither provides anything to further the animosity and climax leading toward the final battle between Freddy and Jason. Jason and Freddy provide little substance with the killings and the battle due to the fact every type of killing has been done between the twenty sequels produced already. Hollywood sequels have been made for decades and in ninety percent of the cases the sequel never delivers the hype of the first movie. Most of the time, however, the follow-up provides a continuing storyline which offers some logic to the sequel, but â€Å"Freddy vs. Jason† defies the norm once again. If you have been a devoted Freddy fan you would know Freddy kills in nightmares. If this is the case then all the razor-fingered freak has to do is wait until Jason goes to sleep and then proceed to murder him. One other major blunder is that for a film that claims that neither Jason nor Freddy have been around for a number of years, they've obviously forgotten Jason went to space in â€Å"Jason X.† The prime example of â€Å"clever† script-writing is when Freddy discovers that Jason is afraid of water and then subsequently delivers an icy shower that shrinks Jason from his mammoth stature to a less threatening stature. Jason goes from being a demonic killer to a t hree year old scared of the water. This may be one reason director Ronny Yu has only directed one othe...

Experiment to See How Much Sugar Is in a Soda

Experiment to See How Much Sugar Is in a Soda You know regular soft drinks supposedly contain a lot of sugar. Most of the sugar takes the form of sucrose (table sugar) or fructose. You can read the side of a can or bottle and see how many grams there are, but do you have any sense of how much that is? How much sugar do you think is in a soft drink? Heres a simple science experiment to see how much sugar there is and ​​learn about density. Materials Not to ruin the experiment for you, but your data will be more interesting if you compare different types of soft drinks rather than different brands of the same thing (e.g., three types of cola). This is because the formulations from one brand to another vary only slightly. Just because a drink tastes sweet might not mean it contains the most sugar. Lets find out. Heres what you need: 3 soft drinks (e.g., cola, citrus, other fruit like orange or grape)SugarWaterGraduated cylinder or measuring cup for small volumesSmall cups or beakers Form a Hypothesis Its an experiment, so use the scientific method. You already have background research into sodas. You know how they taste and may even have a sense of which tastes like it contains more sugar than another. So, make a prediction. How much sugar do you think is in a soft drink?Do you think colas, citrus drinks, or other soft drinks contain the most sugar?Out of a group of soft drinks, which one do you think contains the most sugar? the least? Experimental Procedure Taste the soft drinks. Write down how sweet they taste, compared with each other. Ideally, you want flat (uncarbonated) soda, so you can either let the soda sit out on the counter or stir it up to force most of the bubbles out of solution.Read the label for each soda. It will give the mass of sugar, in grams, and the volume of the soda, in milliliters. Calculate the density of the soda but dividing the mass of sugar by the volume of soda. Record the values.Weigh six small beakers. Record the mass of each beaker. You will use the first 3 beakers to make pure sugar solutions and the other 3 beakers to test the sodas. If you are using a different number of soda samples, adjust the number of beakers accordingly.In one of the small beakers, add 5 ml (milliliters) of sugar. Add water to get 50 ml of total volume. Stir to dissolve the sugar.Weigh the beaker with sugar and water. Subtract the weight of the beaker by itself. Record this measurement. It is the combined mass of the sugar and wa ter. Determine the density of your sugar-water solution: (density calculations)density mass / volumedensity (your calculated mass) / 50 mlRecord the density for this amount of sugar in water (grams per milliliter).Repeat steps 4-7 for  10 ml of sugar with water added to make 50 ml solution (about 40 ml) and again using 15 ml of sugar and water to make 50 ml (about 35 ml of water).Make a graph showing ​the  density of the solution versus the  amount of sugar.Label each of the remaining beakers with the name of the soda to be tested. Add 50 ml of flat soda to the labeled beaker.Weigh the beaker and subtract the dry weight from step 3 to get the mass of the soda.Calculate the density of each soda by dividing the mass of soda by the 50 ml volume.Use the graph you drew to figure out how much sugar is in each soda. Review Your Results The numbers you recorded were your data. The graph represents the results of your experiment. Compare the results in the graph with your predictions about which soft drink had the most sugar. Were you surprised? Questions To Consider How many sodas do you drink in a day? How much sugar is that?In what way, if any, do you think the results would have been different if you had used a freshly opened soda, with lots of carbonation?Would the results have been different if you dissolved the sugar in the first three beakers in carbonated water rather than regular water?A sugar cube weighs about 4 grams. How many sugar cubes would it take, for each soda, to reach the mass of sugar stated on the container?

Pestle analysis for hybrid cars in US Coursework

Pestle analysis for hybrid cars in US - Coursework Example Politicians, in as early as 1990, have put emphasis on better environment; and thy showed concern for environmental pollution. The Clean Air Act was revised in 1990 and became tougher on emission norms (Wilson and Dilulio, 2008 p.561). Today, fuel is not only related to environmental issues, but also a concern for national security. In 2007 president Bush showed concern on America’s dependence on foreign petroleum. The present president, President Obama too is concerned. He wants to reduce the America’s ‘Addiction to foreign oil’. In 2009 Obama revised climatic policies and forced car makers to build more fuel efficient and pollution free cars (Tan et al, 2012, p.3). Presently the government provides tax benefits to the buyers of hybrid cars (Boone and Kurtz, 2013, p 75). From the above facts it is clear that political opinions and activities in the USA are very favourable for Hybrid cars. Tougher policy on vehicle emission means increased opportunities for zero or minimum emitting vehicles like hybrid cars. Economic Factors: There are some economic factors that can influence the hybrid car industry in the USA. America is largely dependent upon other countries for petroleum. If domestic fuel consumption is reduced US’s oil import will reduce. This will surely lessen US’s trade deficit (Tan et al, 2012, p.4). ... As hybrid cars are more fuel efficient people can save money on fuel (Miller and Stafford, 2020, p.38). However, a hybrid car costs more than a conventional car. Therefore, the initial high purchasing cost might discourage potential buyers of hybrid cars (Miller and Stafford, 2020, p.38). The government has made special budgetary allocations for new generation vehicles. This money is being spent on development of fuel-efficient and low-emission vehicles. This fact is an excellent encouragement for hybrid car industry (Tan et al, 2012, p.4). Therefore, it is clear that most of the economic factors can positively influence the US hybrid car industry. However, high price of hybrid cars might be a deterrent. Social Factors: The hybrid car industry could be influenced by several social factors. The environmental pollution is linked with social issues like health. Conventional cars that emit more harmful gases cause more damage to human health. Hybrid cars emit a negligible amount of these gases. Therefore they are seen as more human health-friendly. Moreover, hybrid cars are silent. Noise has negative impact on health. In this aspect too, hybrid cars promote better health (Tan et al, 2012, pp.4-5). Hybrid cars are now linked with social status. Reports show that US consumers buy greener products to improve social status. Consumers are even ready to ‘sacrifice luxury and performance to benefit from the perceived social status that comes from buying a product with a reduced environmental impact’ (Vaughan, 29 March, 2010). As hybrid cars are greener, owning a hybrid car will improve the owner’s social status (Vaughan, 29 March, 2010). Another social fact worth mentioning here is: women prefer electric cars.

The Gamble House Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

The Gamble House - Essay Example Gamble House mood and symmetries tend to be different from other spacious contemporary buildings that were done in the 1900s. It has a casual mood that matches its localized symmetry. A very good example of the localization of symmetry in the masterpiece is the symmetrical organization of forms and spaces in relations to one another. In the three floors, the ceiling heights are different. The first-floor ceiling was the lowest while the den ceiling was the highest. Throughout the building, the scales and the forms shift constantly as one move from the interior towards the front and rear areas. The inclusion of the Gamble family attic in the third floor helped in making it a billiard room. A family crest, trailing rose and a crane were artistically integrated into many locations. Gamble House outdoor also symbolizes the historical building plans used in America during the 1990s. Outside the second-floor bedrooms are exterior porches that could be used for entertainment or for sleeping. The main terrace of the building was strategically designed and built to be privately beyond the back of the residence. Clinker boulders garden walls were also included to decorate the rear facade. The paths in the compound were made from stones forming a running brook across the lawns. The landscape and the garden elements were integrated into the required proportions and details. The Asian and Japanese influence on the structure can also be seen in the leaded glasses and the pine motif on the front door.