Environmental Impact Assessment for Growth- MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theEnvironmental Impact Assessment for Economic Growth. Answer: Environmental impact assessment (EIA) has emerged and is considered as the part tof the main project requirement in the different countries. Though, EIA in a great way contributes to the sustainable development and with this reducing the poverty in the areas and contributing towards the growth of the individuals (Morrison-Saunders and Retief, 2012). The city Bac Lieu is in the centre of speedy urbanisation, which is motivated by the inspiring economic growth. However, the overall poverty level of the country has declined with the growth in the urban poverty rates. The majority of the resident in the area are the unregistered migrants, which are working in the informal sector (Morrison-Saunders and Retief, 2012). The individuals are living in the informal settlements having the little acess of the basic services and infrastructure and mainly in the awful living conditions. In the year 2000, the government of the Vietnam required the international donor support for addressing the chall enges of the growing urban policies, mainly advancement the communities with lower income (Morrison-Saunders and Retief, 2012). The Alliances of the city agreed in funding the detailed research studies which may contribute in designing the national urban upgrading programme. The NUUP (National Urban Upgrading Project ) and the VUUP(Vietnam Urban Upgrading Project) reflect the governments shift in regard to the more inclusive as well as the urban development model, plus new efforts and emphasis on the broad-based programmes, which have to be termed and resulted as the most sustainable ones (Murombo, 2008). The VUUP has for the society contributed vital improvements in the Vietnams urban environment. The access to the natural and the basic services like the drainage, water supply, lighting and the roads has significantly improved with the passage of time, and now at least two lakes low-income people have the access to much better kindergartens, health centres and also the primary schools (Murombo, 2008). Community Participation: The communities participated actively in the participated in the implementation and the designing of the project. The various meetings are attended and also supervised by the work related to the infrastructure upgrading in the neighbourhoods. Communities also contributed their efforts, time and with this also donated the land for the improvement of the access in the areas upgraded. From side to side strategic development, the preliminary focus areas of the eco-city expansion programme incorporated the green buildings, sustainable transportation promotion, development of the eco-tourism, environmental preservation projects and managing the economic growth of the urban areas in a reasonable manner. The project outcomes resulted in the strategic planning process to be strengthened with the involvement of the stakeholders and improving the priorities with identifying the local adaptive capacity and creating the improved opportunities for mobilising the resources required for realising th e expansion of the first eco-city as the Bac Lieu City. In the EIA process, public consultation is required for informing the public about the project and the potential issues related to the environment and to receive the input of the public related to the proposed project. The consultation was carried out in the two different rounds with the local authorities and the communities. The public consultations have the positive impact on the urban development planning. The comments related to the project will be acknowledged and specific implementation will be done to come with the effective and proper design, construction solution for ensuring quality and project progress. Management The environmental management has been since now fast and increasingly practiced as the main component refer the business plan of the operation which claims to be very much efficient, sustainable and also, on the other hand, compliant with the legislation which is particularly very evident refer the activities of the city (Bilgin, 2015). Properly implementing all kinds of the green marketing strategies and the environmental programs shall lead to a comparative better firm competitiveness and environmental performance. Practicing and Promoting of the ISO 14001 series shall increase the environmental performance (Loxton, Schirmer and Kanowski, 2013). The risk assessment includes the human health and the risk related to the ecology. The risk assessment in the planning includes the encouragement of the critical and integrated thinking related to the environmental pathways with an opportunity to focus on the activities related to the risk reduction such as pollution prevention, mitigation measures and waste minimisation. The activities to lessen the environmental damages are continuously required as well. Significant monitoring programs are started and implemented so as to reduce the relevan opportunity of having the trade partners which are acting illegally or even unethically refer the terms of the environmental plus the social complexities (Loxton, Schirmer and Kanowski, 2013). It has also been found that the evaluation, audits, assessment practices of the business partners impact the environmental performances positively. The Vietnam is an important provincial socioeconomic centre plus on the other hand also the popular site of the World Heritage. But the city is vitally facing some main challenges which are related to the fast urbanisation, economic growth, and impacts of the change in climate (Bhattacharya and Bundschuh, 2015). Further, the city is fast developing the Hoi, which is An Eco-city Programme of development at the end of the year 2030. The UN-Habitat is continuously working in order to facilitate the strict implementation of the Hoi Ans eco-city targets much within the proper framework of the Quang Nam Development and the Provincial Strategy. In the tandem, a change in the climate adaptability and the vulnerability assessment has been integrated and conducted into the complete eco-city planning network (Bhattacharya and Bundschuh, 2015). It gives out an assessment; refer the potential impacts of the atmospheric change at the various geographical areas, sectors and the population groups. By the consultation process and the strategic planning, the first and foremost focus areas of such a kind of the eco-city programme for development involves and includes the promoting sustainable transportation, green building, the developing of the eco-tourism plus the environmental preservation strategies and at last managing the urban economic progress in a manner which is very equitable (Narayanan, 2013). The final result or the outcome of the project is that main capacity of so many stakeholders concerned are connected to the strategic planning process with the passage of time has strengthened, and the priorities in further improving the local adaptive capacity carefully has been finding out, so creating many comparative and better opportunities in order to mobilise the resources needed to realise the overall growth and development of the Vietnams 1st eco-city (Noble, 2000). Impact The concerned project has (i) given clear access to the upgraded and the expanded urban environmental infrastructure refers the local population in the area of the project; enhanced the participation of the local community with more ratio of the poor and women, refer the management and the planning of the urban services; increase the public health matters awareness; and increase the appropriate role of the women in the institutions and the urban management (Noble, 2000). All of the PMUs (Project Manangemet Unit) reports developed the environmental cleanliness and the sanitation, decreased the incidents of the clear and open defecation, plus the willingness to attach to the sewerage and the drainage system, also pay the fees for the solid waste collection. The local government societies and agencies are very much aware of the requirement of the environmental sanitation interventions, which are also clearly mentioned in the socioeconomic policies (Pinelli and Maiolini, 2016). As per th e PCU (Passenger car Units) report, the concerned project has very clearly and successfully reduced plus eliminated the potential adverse resettlement and environmental impacts. The project concerning staff or the authorities has acquired the land and further compensated all of the people, thus affected in respect to the ADB (Asian Development Bank) guidelines and the already approved plans for resettlement (Pinelli and Maiolini, 2016). A comprehensive 239 affected households have been again settled; the people who have been affected being completely satisfied with the local market rate compensation given, that also included the on time provision of the serviced plots of living or the residential plots. The resettlement committee compensation payments at that time were made in such a manner that it was convenient to refer the concerned and the affected households (Saarikoski, 2000). The resettlement sites were given the basic kind of the infrastructure, including water supply connec tions, roads, electricity, and the drainage systems. Refer to the report of the Resettlement Impacts Assessment, the standard of living of the affected humans in the resettlement sites was very much equal to or even at times exceed the standards answer set by the pre-projects. Such kinds of the resettlement plans also were unable to recognise and identify any special type of the vulnerable groups. Negative Impact Even after the positive impact which was a result of this subproject, the overall construction of the proposed investments may result in causing adverse effects on the humans concerned to the project area that also included the ethnic minorities. The adverse impacts denote the potential impacts on the customary rights to access and use the natural resources and land; adverse effects on the socioeconomic and cultural integrity; effects on health, education, livelihood, access to the project benefits, and social security status; and other effects which may change and also undermine the customary institutions and the indigenous knowledge (Saarikoski, 2000). Some special and specific adverse impacts from the proper implementation of the project at the people refer the project area do include: main impacts at the income of the people plus their usual living conditions because of the resettlement and the land acquisition; temporary effects on the small businesses during the period of const ruction; some important risks of the social problems related to health such as HIV/AIDS, infectious diseases, drug use, violence, environmental pollution) because of the presence of an outside workers at the time of the construction; enhanced risks of inundation with particular upgraded lanes in LIAs (Lower Income Areas) that are much higher than the houses bordering these ones (Uzzell, Pol and Badenas, 2002). Sustainability: The project sustainability is to be rated likely. The desired OM program was organised for the financed facilities related to the project (Uzzell, Pol and Badenas, 2002). At times during the completion of the project, Urenco gained the considerable experience in managing and operating the drainage, sanitation, and systems related to the collection of the solid waste with this the capacity of the programme is enhanced through the strengthening of the institution and the capacity programme that are provided at the time of implementation of the project (Uzzell, Pol and Badenas, 2002). The Decrees 88 and 59 approved by the government, which enables URENCOs and local governments for raising the tariffs for recovering the cost of the solid waste and wastewater, which is believed to cover the expenditures of the operating system (Uzzell, Pol and Badenas, 2002). A comprehensive and complete road map refers the tariff enhancement was approved, that allows a smooth and gradual tariff enhancement of around 10% each year until the OM (Operation and Maintenence) costs were completely recovered; any kind of shortfall in the operating expenditures earlier to the full cost recovery shall be then financed by the city and provincial budgets. The financial sustainability is also to a greater extent dependent on the ability of the URENCOs to further generate enough revenues plus the lower OM expenditures (Uzzell, Pol and Badenas, 2002). Conclusion Expected impact as a result of the outcome of the project was to carefully improve the basic quality refer the living and the health of the residents of the urban area and also on the other hand to reduce the poverty in the areas of the 6 project towns, it also concentrated on to promote the balanced and the regional economic enhancement plus on the other hand also lessen the migration from Ho Chi Minh City and the central region to Hanoi (Attia, Boubetra and Saoud, 2014). The outcome or the result of the project was to significantly improve the urban environmental situations and conditions refer the project towns. The concerned project outcome and outputs do include in itself the following; increasing and also, on the other hand, upgrading the environmental infrastructure of the urban area; improving the managerial, autonomy and the technical capacity of the environmental companies based on the urban areas; improving planning and the management capacity of the urban areas and also t he (CPC) which stands for the city peoples committees enhancing the community participation refer the managing and planning of the urban services etc (Attia, Boubetra and Saoud, 2014). At an early stage, this approach was delayed because of many factors, but the stakeholders have then since long carefully focused on the outcomes and the results which came out. The positive experiences which came out from the pilot investment projects gave up no complete guarantee for the large-scale concerns or the applications. But otherwise they at least provided some serious arguments for the matter of discussions, and such an approach, later on, proved to be much more comparatively suitable to protect the basic interests of the societies of the poor refer their confrontation to many authorities. References Attia, S., Boubetra, A. and Saoud, M. (2014). Decision Making Issues Related to Critical Infrastructures Interdependencies Management.Journal of Advances in Computer Networks, 2(1), pp.1-5. Bhattacharya, P. and Bundschuh, J. (2015). Groundwater for sustainable development cross cutting the UN sustainable development goals editorial.Groundwater for Sustainable Development, 1(1-2), pp.155-157. Bilgin, A. (2015). Analysis of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Directive and the EIA decision in Turkey.Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 53, pp.40-51. Loxton, E., Schirmer, J. and Kanowski, P. (2013). Designing, implementing and monitoring social impact mitigation strategies: Lessons from Forest Industry Structural Adjustment Packages.Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 42, pp.105-115. Morrison-Saunders, A. and Retief, F. (2012). Walking the sustainability assessment talk Progressing the practice of environmental impact assessment (EIA).Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 36, pp.34-41. Murombo, T. (2008). Beyond Public Particpation: The disjuncture between South Africa's Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Law and Sustainable Development.Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad, 11(3). Narayanan, Y. (2013). Religion and Sustainable Development: Analysing the Connections.Sustainable Development, 21(2), pp.131-139. Noble, B. (2000). Strengthening EIA through adaptive management.Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 20(1), pp.97-111. Pinelli, M. and Maiolini, R. (2016). Strategies for Sustainable Development: Organizational Motivations, Stakeholders' Expectations and Sustainability Agendas.Sustainable Development. Saarikoski, H. (2000). Environmental impact assessment (EIA) as collaborative learning process.Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 20(6), pp.681-700. Uzzell, D., Pol, E. and Badenas, D. (2002). Place Identification, Social Cohesion, and Enviornmental Sustainability.Environment and Behavior, 34(1), pp.26-53.

Substance Abuse and Treatment for Adolescents free essay sample

In this paper I will discuss substance abuse among teens, causes, statistics, effects of substance abuse, current treatments, and the importance of developing appropriate treatment options for youth. Statistics Psychologist Gunter Swobota works with adolescent patients with drug and alcohol addictions. While they are able to obtain drugs, such as cocaine, with ease, Swobota feels the biggest problem among teenagers currently is alcohol abuse, which he says is reaching crisis proportions. Swobota, whose research statistics are primarily out of Australia, says that up to 30% of the adolescent population binge drinks at some point, and nearly 75% of those cases have been potentially harmful. He also says this closely compares to adolescents in southern California (Jones, 2009). Interestingly, Swobota says most parents he interacts with are reluctant to admit their children have substance abuse problems. Instead, most refer to their childrens issues as behavioral problem. Most often, the first sign of problems arising are deteriorating grades in school, which prompt parents to seek help (Jones, 2009). We will write a custom essay sample on Substance Abuse and Treatment for Adolescents or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Jean Paul Wils, who works for a program for troubled teens in the Netherlands, says that most of the students he works with come from broken homes, and have lived in poverty for most of their lives. The program Wils works for deals primarily with immigrants. It is estimated that 30 – 40% of adolescent immigrants in the Netherlands have alcohol and drug problems. A group of 14-year-olds were interviewed, and over half admitted to drinking. Of those, 75% admitted to binge drinking. Similar stories and statistics of teen alcohol and drug abuse is found in all countries (Jones, 2009). Recent estimates indicate that 53% of adolescents in the United States have experimented with an illicit drug by the time they graduated from high school. Of those, 32% experimented as early as eighth. It is believed that these estimates are extremely low, as they do not account for youth not attending school (Battjes, Gordon, and Kinlock, 2004). Adolescents living in the Northeast and in socioeconomically disadvantaged urban centers are at particularly high risk for marijuana and other illicit drug use (Adorno, Aguayo, Anderson, Black, Hodge, and Simmons, 2008). Causes Studies have shown that victimization during childhood can be a precursor to substance abuse. Victimization can occur in countless ways, including actual or threatened harm, physical violence, psychological abuse, and neglect. Children are twice as likely as adults to be victimized. Younger children are also more likely to be victimized by older children. Studies have shown that drug and alcohol use may be a coping mechanism for children who have been victimized. It is also proven that adolescents who have experienced victimization have a harder time engaging in substance abuse treatment (Cho, Gotham, And Perron, 2008). The instances of traumatic stress among adolescents in substance abuse treatment centers are high when compared to adolescents in the general community. When youth turn to illegal substances to cope with traumatic stress symptoms, it is a sign that the stress is out of control and needs to be addressed. Most practitioners are not adequately prepared to address traumatic stress. These issues need to be addressed during education or training of practitioners in order to fully treat substance abusers with traumatic stress, otherwise they are more likely to relapse (An, Hall, Smith, and Williams, 2008). Outcomes According to James A. Hall and Douglas C. Smith, substance abuse among adolescents is an enormous societal problem that we need to develop high quality and cost-effective treatment options for. Substance abuse problems during adolescence poses many risks for the future. Adolescents who use are more likely to have addictions as adults. They are also more likely to face delays in normal adult roles, such as relationships, employment, and education (Hall and Smith, 2007). Substance abuse during adolescence is not only a concern because of the direct effects of the substances, but also because they are a predictor of many other problems. It is associated with problems in school, criminal activity, bullying of other adolescents, cruelty to people and animals, and risky sexual activities. It is found that male adolescents are at a higher risk of criminal activity and cruelty to people (Battjes, Gordon, and Kinlock, 2004). Treatment There are many reasons why individuals, both children and adults, do not receive substance abuse treatment. The most commonly reported reason for not seeking treatment is a lack of a perceived need for treatment. According to statistics from 2003 and 2004 surveys, 90. 6% of adolescents with a need for alcohol treatment and 87. % of those needing treatment for drug abuse did not perceive a need for treatment. There are several other commonly mentioned reasons for not seeking treatment as well, including financial barriers, embarrassment or fear about getting treatment, lack of knowledge, and access issues (Adorno, Aguayo, Anderson, Black, Hodge, and Simmons, 2008). Research shows that adolescents seem to be less motivated than adults are to seek or stay in treatment, and that what motivation they have more likely emanates from pressures exerted by external agents such as court officials or family members (Breda and Heflinger, 2004). Female adolescents are reported to have a higher success rate for drug and alcohol treatment than males. For example, results of a study on 203 Native American teens undergoing mandated treatment show that 74. 5% of boys and 87. 1% of girls completed treatment. Of the teens involved in the study, many were referred after legal issues, including drug offenses and violent crimes. It is also reported that the success rate at this facility is higher than the national average, primarily because it has programs specifically tailored for the Native American community (London, 2009). Strengths-Oriented Family Therapy (SOFT) is a treatment program that was developed by social workers. SOFT has an approach similar to many other family therapies and consists of four main activities. First, a family based assessment and motivational feedback. Next, therapist works with individual families through several stages. During the third activity, groups of families are placed together for therapy sessions. In the final stage, SOFT offers case management as needed (Hall and Smith, 2007). Hall and Smith strongly support the SOFT model of treatment because there is such a large emphasis on the family, not just the individual seeking treatment. Statistics have shown that the quality of family relationships can predict adolescent drug use, so building a strong relationship between parent and child is extremely important. They also believe that the focus on positive language, like identifying strengths, staying solution focused, and striving for motivation, plays a major and effective role in treatment, by building the clients self-image and self-esteem (Hall and Smith, 2007). There are many publications dedicated to resources for substance abuse treatment, that include locations, services offered at each, and additional information about the facilities and staff. www. drugstrategies. org is an excellent resource with information for each state, as well as an 800 number that people with substance abuse issues can call to reach trained staff members. Additional resources and information can be found on each states website as well (Internal Medicine News, 2003). Another family based adolescent substance abuse treatment option is the Hartford Youth Project (HYP), based out of Connecticut. One of the most important aspects of HYP is the emphasis on outreach, which involves schools, child welfare, community agencies, families, treatment providers, and others. Outreach workers have proven to be effective in the treatment process by helping substance abusers access treatment and support services, gain skills, reinforcing behavioral change, and education (Adorno, Aguayo, Anderson, Black, Hodge, and Simmons, 2008). HYP’s goal is to reach youth in the community before they became involved with the criminal justice system, in hopes that this would also prevent substance abuse issues. The program was designed to quickly and continuously link families in need to supportive services as part of the intervention process. These supportive services include housing assistance, medical and mental health care, financial support, legal services, vocational training and educational support, transportation, and childcare. These services are considered as important to treatment success as the treatment services themselves, because they can lighten the burdens that lead people to substance abuse (Adorno, Aguayo, Anderson, Black, Hodge, and Simmons, 2008). One of the biggest foals of HYP is to fostering family involvement and build stronger relationships. The belief is that the active involvement of family members in the assessment and treatment planning process facilitates positive treatment outcomes. To accomplish this, family members are constantly involved. Meetings are set up where the child and family are most comfortable. Family members are asked for input on best ways to engage the child. Activities for the family outside of treatment are also an important part of the program and can include sport events, parties, fairs, and camp visits. All of this encourages the families involvement and reinforces the importance of their relationship with the child (Adorno, Aguayo, Anderson, Black, Hodge, and Simmons, 2008). Conclusion It is clear that drug use during adolescence is a serious problem that will likely affect the user for many years into their future. Without appropriate and effective treatment options they are more likely to struggle with addiction and many other problems as adults. It is important to come up with better treatment and prevention options before this problem spirals further out of control.

Radioisotopes essays

Radioisotopes essays This research paper was written to discuss the different uses of radioisotopes that have been discovered so far hopefully more uses will be found in the future. RADIOACTIVITY is a special attribute recognized more by its outward effect rather than its cause. That effect is the spontaneous and irrepressible emission of radiation. Inside an atom is made up of electrons orbiting around a central core called the nucleus. The nucleus is made up of protons and neutrons. Atomic nuclei with the same number of protons, but with differing numbers of neutrons, are called ISOTOPES. There are a few chemical elements in the Periodic Table with isotopes in which the arrangement of protons and neutrons is less than ideal. Because of this, these elements exhibit a degree of nuclear instability, which manifests itself as RADIOACTIVITY. Isotopes, which spontaneously emit radiation, are called RADIOISOTOPES. A radioisotope can lose energy by emitting three different types of radiation: 1. Made up of two protons and two neutrons (the same as the nucleus of a Helium atom). 2. Have a mass number of 4 and an atomic number of 2. 1. Electrons that are emitted from the nucleus of a radioisotope. 2. Have almost no mass (the same as an electron). 1. Is high-energy (short wavelength high frequency) electromagnetic radiation. In medicine radiation is painless and safe. It is also cost effective Patient has to be given a dose of radiation Can be man-made or natural Hard to dispose of In NUCLEAR MEDICINE a radioisotope is administered to a patient either to aid the diagnosis of disease or for the treatment of disease. The radioisotopes used in DIAGNOSTIC nuclear medicine are selected on the basis of their ability to provide useful clinical information while exposing the patient to only minimal radiation. For example the radioisotope should - Possess a short half-life (hours) which is commensurate with the duration of the i...

Free Essays on Mill’s Utilitarianism

the greatest good for the greatest amount of people. In its basic form this is Jeremy Benthams’ definition of utilitarianism. You cannot talk about utilitarianism without mentioning Bentham. He went even further to say that some good actions are better then other good actions. Realizing that this would be hard to prove he developed a formula that measures pleasure and pain. The conclusive definition of Benthams version on utilitarianism is that it focuses upon an action’s relevance depending fully on the value of its consequences. This is called act-utilitarianism. While Bentham was credited to be the father of utilitarianism, John Stuart Mill was considered the heart and soul of it. Mill’s version of utilitarianism focuses on rule-utilitarianism. In this paper I will discuss Mill’s version of utilitarianism and what kinds of objections are raised against it. John Stuart Mill was a student of Benthams and picked up where Bentham left off. He saw the flaws of act-utilitarianism and introduced his theory to overcome the weaknesses. The new theory was called rule-utilitarianism. Instead of looking at the consequences of a particular act Mill’s version of utilitarianism focused on value of the consequences of following a particular rule. The rule, which produces the best overall consequences, is the one that should be followed. To understand rule-utilitarianism, a society must accept that certain rules must be followed. For instance, if stealing is wrong then a rule-utilitarian society would avoid this problem by adopting this rule even if by doing so there is a sacrifice to pleasure. This is true for lying or torturing little animals. Human beings prefer pleasure than pain; as a result, people desire to act in order to achieve the maximum happiness. Mill also saw that there... Free Essays on Mill’s Utilitarianism Free Essays on Mill’s Utilitarianism Mill’s Utilitarianism Imagine a society where the main focus is the maximum happiness of its people on a grand scale; in other words the greatest good for the greatest amount of people. In its basic form this is Jeremy Benthams’ definition of utilitarianism. You cannot talk about utilitarianism without mentioning Bentham. He went even further to say that some good actions are better then other good actions. Realizing that this would be hard to prove he developed a formula that measures pleasure and pain. The conclusive definition of Benthams version on utilitarianism is that it focuses upon an action’s relevance depending fully on the value of its consequences. This is called act-utilitarianism. While Bentham was credited to be the father of utilitarianism, John Stuart Mill was considered the heart and soul of it. Mill’s version of utilitarianism focuses on rule-utilitarianism. In this paper I will discuss Mill’s version of utilitarianism and what kinds of objections a re raised against it. John Stuart Mill was a student of Benthams and picked up where Bentham left off. He saw the flaws of act-utilitarianism and introduced his theory to overcome the weaknesses. The new theory was called rule-utilitarianism. Instead of looking at the consequences of a particular act Mill’s version of utilitarianism focused on value of the consequences of following a particular rule. The rule, which produces the best overall consequences, is the one that should be followed. To understand rule-utilitarianism, a society must accept that certain rules must be followed. For instance, if stealing is wrong then a rule-utilitarian society would avoid this problem by adopting this rule even if by doing so there is a sacrifice to pleasure. This is true for lying or torturing little animals. Human beings prefer pleasure than pain; as a result, people desire to act in order to achieve the maximum happiness. Mill also saw that there...

Functions of article 3 ECHR; Provision or enforcement of standards Essay

Functions of article 3 ECHR; Provision or enforcement of standards - Essay Example This is a question that might get so many awkward answers if a clear interpretation of the article is not given. The first question any person would ask before answering this question is whether the convention has any jurisdiction to influence laws on crime and social support in countries outside Europe. The provisions of Article one of the ECHR have been a tough nut to crack particularly because the stipulations in the article are a little confusing and to some extent ambiguous. The bone of contention in this article is usually the extra-territorial authority of the convention. Miller set to establish the boundaries of the convention authority and found out that the extra-territorial authority of the convention was in question1. She admitted that that article one of the convention doesn’t give the clear amplitude of the convention’s jurisdiction and continued to stress that the convention’s participation in the ‘war on terror’ campaign only soured t he wound rather than disinfect it. In a bid to avoid the contentious issue of its jurisdiction, the convention has referred to its ties with other internationally recognized bodies such as the United Nations. For example in the Behrami v. France case and the Saramati v. France case, the ECHR where the issue of the convention’s jurisdiction was raised and the convention decided to counterattack these concerns play playing the card of its relations with the UN charter. Ryngaert examined the time where the scope of ECHR’s jurisdiction that was presented when looking at the Al-Skeini v the United Kingdom case2. The case was brought to the attention of ECHR by six Iraqi natives who had close family and social ties with some Iraqi citizens whose lives were ended by British soldiers in a town that is south of Iraq know as Basrah. The six brought the case to the ECHR in form of an appeal claiming that the UK had gone against the sentiments articulated in articles three and two of the convention as the soldiers inflicted pain and killed the Iraqis in one of their detention facilities. Articles two and three are against the brutal treatment of any individual and the separation of an individual with his or her life. However, the main concern when handling the case was not whether UK had indeed breached the stipulations of articles two or three but whether the location where these acts were committed fell under the legal jurisdiction of the ECHR. After presiding over that case an opinion that people outside ECHR’s reach who have been affected by a breach of the conventions acts could bring the perpetrators of the heinous acts into the ECHR’s immediate jurisdiction for prosecution. However, the ECHR did not confirm these allegations. The ECtHR& ECHR has the mandate to conduct its endeavours to the citizens of the 47 signatory states of the COE but doesn’t add the convention and its court can practise outside the states under the COE3. Jus t by looking at the jurisdiction concerns of the convention the answer to the question is already a big resounding no. But what if we turn a blind eye it the conventions issue of jurisdiction and assume the convention had the global jurisdiction. Would it have the capacity to provide the standards of criminal law and social support then? The reason for the establishment of the ECtHR under the ECHR was to ensure

Global Warming Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Global Warming - Research Paper Example Solar radiation enter the blanket due to shortwave nature but unable to escape trough the blanket due to long water nature after reflecting through the surface of earth. However, as the concentration of the green house gases in the atmosphere increased due to the immense usage of fossil fuel resources, the part of the solar radiation that makes a safe escape to the space is unable to escape to the space. Thus, the temperature of the planet is increasing continuously. The phenomenon is often termed as global warming. It is estimated that estimated that between 1906 and 2005, the average temperature of the earth’s surface rose by about 0.74 °C (Hoyt & Schatten, 1993). Global warming was a term that was first used in 1975 by an American scientist â€Å"Wallace Smith Broecker† who discovered the climate of the earth is warming consistently due to various human caused problems. He published a paper in a magazine that he named â€Å"Are we on the brink of a pronounced global warming?† where he first coined the term. In 1979, the term is used to depict the physical phenomenon that is heating up the planet. The article was published by National academy of Science and titles it as, â€Å"The Charney Report† (Yukozimo, 2014). Ozone Layer is a region of dense gases is the stratosphere of the earth that is capable of blocking most of the harmful solar Ultra violet radiations. Ozone layer has higher concentration of ozone as compared to the earth’s surface. More than 90% of ozone is present in the stratosphere of earth. Other atmospheric gases are also there in the earth’s stratosphere. Due to the increasing concentration of the refrigerants, solvents and propellants in the atmosphere, the ozone layer is under depletion with the rate of 4% per decade. Man made chemicals like halocarbons, CFCs, HCFCs, freons,  halons are influencing the ozone depletion. The depletion of the ozone layer is promoting the global

The House of Commons Essay Example for Free

The House of Commons Essay In the House of Commons on May 27, 1919, Sir Robert stated that the government has taken no sides in that dispute. But he also observed that the government occupied a position different from that of the private employer. He asserted that if the needs of the people as a whole are to be regarded we cannot have in this country a complete dislocation of public services founded upon such reasons as have been put forward by the postal employees of Winnipeg, and he announced with some satisfaction at the close of his speech that seventy of the postal employees have returned to work and no difficulty has been experienced in filling the places of those who have not returned. He made no mention of the cost of living as a cause of the strike but did recognize the necessity of arriving at a definition of collective bargaining acceptable both to capital and labour. The attitude of the central government on this subject is of great importance, as it meant that Ottawa gave wholehearted support to the employers and governments at Winnipeg. On June 6, although there had been no serious violence, Mayor Gray banned all parades and forbade the congregation of crowds. On the same day the Dominion Parliament passed, with a remarkable economy of time, an amendment to the Immigration Act, which extended to British-born subjects the Acts provisions concerning deportation by executive order. This amendment, which was the cause of considerable resentment in organized labour groups across the country, passed all three readings in both Houses and received the royal assent in less than an hour. Its significance lay in the fact that it implied that the leadership of the strike was not in the hands of European-born aliens-an implication now definitely proven correct. This was the stage reached in the development of the strike when Woodsworth arrived in Winnipeg on June 8. As he approached the city across the prairies, stopping frequently to fulfil his speaking engagements, he kept himself as well informed about the strike as was possible from outside. He was anxious to use whatever influence he might possess in the city to further a conciliation move, but discovered that there was, by that time, practically no chance of success, chiefly because of the insistence upon cessation of the strike before further negotiations, and the blunt refusal to admit the right of a general strike on principle. Almost immediately upon his arrival, Woodsworth wrote a letter which was published in the Western Labor News, stating his own position and attempting to define the situation. In this statement he returned with great emphasis to one of his earliest established concepts, the sin of indifference. Learning in more detail the preceding developments of the strike, Woodsworth concluded that the general public, or at least that part represented by the Citizens Committee and the three governments, was not prepared to concede any of the strikers claims. Thus there appeared to be no alternative save for the workers to refrain from work to the limit of their resources, and to educate as many of the people on the sidelines as possible. The governments, he considered, were pursuing a course perfectly incompatible with the traditions of British liberty and, to add to his reasons for supporting the strikers, he was fully in sympathy with the goal of industrial collective bargaining. He immediately threw himself into the fray, appearing with strike leaders and outside sympathizers, to address mass meetings in Victoria Park, and helping to raise funds for strikers families. As he observed at close quarters the evolution of the strike he became increasingly convinced that the real plot was not the revolution allegedly sponsored by the One Big Union advocates, but the concerted actions of the Citizens Committee and the three governments to suppress the whole idea of industrial unionism and the sympathetic strike. Woodsworth continued to support the strike vigorously, speaking both at the Labour Church meetings and those of the soldiers parliament. He had completely identified himself with the movement a week after his arrival. Probably Woodsworth sensed the turn that events were about to take and yet was prepared to maintain his stand, since the conduct of the strike itself was distinctly non-violent. Although startled, he was not bewildered by the sudden descent of the full force of government power upon the strike leaders. In the early hours of June 17, the Royal North-West Mounted Police raided various homes in Winnipeg and made ten arrests. The men thus apprehended were hustled away in motor cars to Stony Mountain Penitentiary, and the books, records, and seditious documents discovered in their homes or at the Labor Temple were stored away for use at the trials. Four of the men arrested were foreigners who were later dealt with summarily by the Immigration Board, and who apparently had no intimate connection with the strike leadership. The arrests constituted a very heavy blow at the strike, robbing it of its most vigorous leadership and depriving it of the directors of its chief source of news and exhortation. As soon as Woodsworth heard of the arrests he conferred with his close friend Fred J. Dixon and the two men decided to undo at least part of the threatened disaster by carrying on the labour newspaper themselves.