The Reign Of Charlemagne

The Reign Of Charlemagne Why Was The Reign Of Charlemagne So Important In The Development Of The Early Medieval Monarchy? Charlemagne or Charles the Great was born on the 2 April 748 AD, the son of Pippin; the King of the Franks. At the time of his accession, the Frankish kingdom was already the most important power in Europe. However, that power and prestige was increased greatly by Charlemagne during his reign, in which he came to rule the vast majority of Western Europe. Charlemagnes power and prestige culminated on Christmas Day 800, when he was crowned Imperial Emperor by Pope Leo III. This act was incredibly significant as it founded the empire that would be known as the Holy Roman Empire, an empire that lasted for over a thousand years. As a result of the immense power Charlemagne had, he has been often been referred to as the ‘father of Europe. Ultimately, Charlemagne was the founding father of the French and German monarchies, a key player in the spread of Christianity throughout Western Europe, and ruled over an empire, the likes of which had not been seen since the Roman era. Charlemagne instigated various administrative reforms throughout his empire that were key in the development of the early medieval monarchy. One of Charlemagnes foremost concerns was maintaining unity within his empire. In 802, two years after his imperial coronation, Charlemagne required the entire population of the realm to swear an oath of loyalty; all people were expected to keep Gods commandments, to respect all the emperors possessions, to acknowledge his protection over the churches and the weak, especially widows and orphans, and finally to obey imperial commands. He Charlemagnes demands of loyalty were a way of exerting a manner of control and authority over a vast empire. Furthermore, the same year as Charlemagne introduced the oath of loyalty, he also set about bringing in new legislative reforms, which are seen as being key in the development of the early medieval monarchy. For the first time in history a king wrote down the laws of his kingdom. Charlemagne recorded the laws of the Frankish, Frisian, Saxon and Thuringian people. He also corrected the ‘defective laws of his people, rewriting and removing laws he deemed to be vicious and useless, and adding to them where it was needed. Certainly this was a key reform, as it enabled law to have a more central authority, and aided the spread of the knowledge of law within the empire, fundamentally, what was right and wrong. To a certain extent, he allowed for differences on law, within the provinces of his empire. However, Frankish law certainly had its influence throughout the region. Furthermore Charlemagne required that all leading members of society within each province hear their laws read al oud in their own language. Thus, aiding the implementation of law enforcement throughout the Frankish empire. Charlemagne sought a more civilised empire, founded on Christian values, and one of his key concerns was not only lowering rates of crime but also a move away from the more personalised ‘taking the law into their own hands way of dealing with criminals that had existed for hundreds of years, to a more structured system of law enforcement and criminal punishment. Charlemagne introduced legal cases and a judicial system within each district that consisted of a count passing judgement and delivering sentences. This movement was a key component of the development of early medieval monarchy, as both the French and German monarchies, after the collapse of the Frankish empire, followed this more structured judicial system, and it could be argued that Charlemagne founded the beginnings of a judicial system, the likes of which are in existence in western civilisation today. Furthermore; Charlemagne established the office of the so called reprimandary witnesses who were required to bring crimes to the attention of the court if the victims did not do so themselves Thus, Charlemagne took it upon himself to enforce justice within his empire, and by establishing these offices his aim was to see the criminal members of society reap the rewards of their actions, even if victims themselves did not desire to carry the criminals actions forwards. However, such matters are not as black and white as Charlemagne imagined them to be, and it is debatable as to what extent Charlemagne was able to fulfil his goal. Nonetheless Charlemagnes judiciary reforms were key in the development of early medieval monarchy as many monarchs sought inspiration from Charlemagnes founding judicial system basis, and they also encouraged a more civilised society in the early medieval ages. Charlemagne certainly sought to improve the administration of the empire as a whole, reforming various aspects of administration. One of his reforms related to his persistent aim of exerting a greater level of control over his empire. He established middle authorities in each region, to oversee local officials. Thus, in a sense Charlemagne inaugurated a form of local government. However, he amended this system over the years, he grew distrustful of those he had sent to oversee, as he believed them to be open to bribery. Hence, he instead chose archbishops, dukes, and abbots; generally members of high nobility, whom he did not believe to be open to bribery. It can be said that a key theme of Charlemagnes reign was justice. Charlemagne wanted it not only for himself but also for every loyal subject of his empire, as exhibited through his judiciary reforms and distaste for subjects whom used their positions for their own selfish benefits. In Einhards Vita Karoli Magni or Life of Charlemagne, Einhard states how Charlemagne also made reforms relating to the language of the Franks; ‘He began a grammar of his native language and the history of his people; ‘he had the old rude songs that celebrate the deeds and wars of the ancient kings written out for transmission to posterity. Thus Charlemagne was keen to preserve the history of the ancient kings. Furthermore; Charlemagne had an important role in determining the immediate economic future of Europe. He got rid of the gold currency and implemented a new silver currency. Additionally, Charlemagne standardised currency throughout most of Europe, abolishing many of the local currencies in existence. This monetary standard remained the basis for the currency for a long time. Hence, Charlemagne instigated economic reforms that were key to the development of the early medieval monarchy as he standardised currency throughout Europe, and implemented changes that remained in place in Europe for a very long time. The Carolingian renaissance is also believed to be a requisite to the development of the early medieval monarchy. Similar to the renaissance that occurred in the early modern period, it was characterised by the re discovery of ancient roman works, the flourishing of art and literature. Charlemagne was a very keen advocate of education, even returning to education himself, although he never learnt to write. He did however study grammar, logic and astronomy. Furthermore, some of the earliest manuscripts still in survival today are from the Carolingian era.Charlemagne also introduced the use of the classical Latin language as the language of scholarly study ‘Thus, the West saw the development of a pure language, which was used almost exclusively by the learned, and from which the romance languages grew increasingly distinct Hence, he increased the availability of education within his realm, increasing monastic schools. Therefore, Charlemagnes keenness for education was important t o the development of the early medieval monarchy as it lead to a period of greater emphasis on education, a pattern that following monarchs were keen to emulate, and ultimately led to a greater number of educated persons within western civilisation. Charlemagnes reforms influenced nearly every corner of society, including the Church. Charlemagne was an extremely pious man and sought to be the ideal embodiment of both a Christian man and King. Charlemagne asked the Pope to send him texts on church law. This Dionysio-Hadriana was used enthusiastically in the Frankish kingdom. By doing this Charlemagne encouraged future monarchs to take a more scholarly than blind approach to the Church. Charlemagne was also very interested in Church music and encouraged the spread of proper church liturgies throughout his empire, taking a personal interest in papal music, and banning melodies such as those found in Milan. Charlemagne also introduced changes to the organisation of the military service. Obligation to military service of the empire was based upon personal wealth and Charlemagne instigated reforms that would make it fair for those obliged to join the military, based on the individuals wealth. Charlemagne ordered that every tenant with three to five so-called hides (homesteads), as well as the holders of fiefs, were required to serve against the enemy. Many monarchs followed these reforms in the early medieval period. In conclusion, Charlemagne was certainly a founding father of Europe. He strove to implement justice in his empire and he instigated reforms in almost every important aspect of early medieval society. Charlemagnes reign was a period of change for Western Civilisation. However, it is foolish to assume that all these reforms were greatly successful, as not all were, for example Charlemagnes judicial reforms. However, early medieval monarchs followed Charlemagnes reforms, as they were eager to reach the level of power and prestige, which Charlemagne had possessed, Charlemagnes reign saw the emergence of Western civilisation, a civilisation that moved away in terms of religion, currency and thought from the East. Furthermore, Charlemagne made it easier for other early medieval monarchs to govern and handle their kingdoms, for example his judicial reforms made law enforcement an easier task for future monarchs, as he had recorded laws in a written form and implemented a sort of court syst em throughout his empire. Ultimately Charlemagnes reign was not only very important in the development of early medieval monarchy, but also important in the development and advancement of western civilisation. His reign has no doubt affected the world in which we live today. Bibliography Matthias Becher, Charlemagne (London 2nd Ed, 2003) Einhard, The Life of Charlemagne, translated by Samuel Epes Turner, (New York, 1880) ‘Charlemagne, Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagne Matthias Becher, Charlemagne (London 2nd Ed, 2003) p. 19 Matthias Becher, Charlemagne (London 2nd Ed, 2003) p. 99 Matthias Becher, Charlemagne (London 2nd Ed, 2003) p.100 Matthias Becher, Charlemagne (London 2nd Ed, 2003) p.105 Einhard, The Life of Charlemagne, translated by Samuel Epes Turner, (New York, 1880) p.11 Matthias Becher, Charlemagne (London 2nd Ed, 2003 p.106 Matthias Becher, Charlemagne (London 2nd Ed, 2003 p.106 Matthias Becher, Charlemagne (London 2nd Ed, 2003 p.108 Matthias Becher, Charlemagne (London 2nd Ed, 2003 p.108 Einhard, The Life of Charlemagne, translated by Samuel Epes Turner, (New York, 1880) p.11 Einhard, The Life of Charlemagne, translated by Samuel Epes Turner, (New York, 1880) p.11 ‘Charlemagne, Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagne [accessed 31 August 2009] Matthias Becher, Charlemagne (London 2nd Ed, 2003 p. 112 ‘Charlemagne, Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagne [accessed 31 August 2009] Matthias Becher, Charlemagne (London 2nd Ed, 2003 p.116 Matthias Becher, Charlemagne (London 2nd Ed, 2003 p.115 Matthias Becher, Charlemagne (London 2nd Ed, 2003 p.113

Essay --

CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1. Introduction This chapter will explain chronological way to do the full research by using different research methodologies. The purpose of study will be explained by the appropriate philosophy in a right approach and the pattern of the reach will be discussed by the researcher thoroughly in this chapter. This approach will be a combination of data collection procedures using both primary and secondary sources, sampling methods, strategy of the research. Every research has some limitations and this chapter will also discuss the limitation of the study by detecting it and comparing with different approaching methods which can be used. 3.2. Data Analysis Method Qualitative and Quantitative these are the two types of approach to the any research analysis for the any data which can be used in research. The research which only uses the numbers to do the research analysis is called Quantitative Research and the research which uses the words, units of the analysis of the collection data and the visual images is Qualitative Research. Quantitative Research is also known about its tending to link with passivism but on the other side, Qualitative Research focused and worked with the association of interpretive. Moreover, the contrast between involvement and lack of involvement respectively are associated by Qualitative data and Quantitative data analysis method (Denscombe, Approach to analysis: quantitative and qualitative research, 2010). The purpose of the study is analyzing the issues of Supply Chain Management which is also known as SCM. The purpose of the study is to analyzing how Supply Chain Management works for Tesco. This study also includes direct involvement relationship between the co... ...SS. 3.9. SUMMARY In this chapter research methodology is associated with the approach of analyzing and explanation of whole research. There is other ways to conduct the research by the researcher. The way of conducting the research should be determined by the researcher in this chapter by explaining all the related logic and explanation. Supply Chain Management has a great impact on today’s success of company. It also develops the organizational performance of Tesco. The researcher follow the qualitative research method to collect the data and for analyzing these data. It includes a survey with 20 questionnaires in 100 groups of people following with 10 face to face interviews. Most of the people from this group are the employees, managers and few customers. Most of the data is collected from the primary source which makes the accuracy and analyzing strength higher. Essay -- CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1. Introduction This chapter will explain chronological way to do the full research by using different research methodologies. The purpose of study will be explained by the appropriate philosophy in a right approach and the pattern of the reach will be discussed by the researcher thoroughly in this chapter. This approach will be a combination of data collection procedures using both primary and secondary sources, sampling methods, strategy of the research. Every research has some limitations and this chapter will also discuss the limitation of the study by detecting it and comparing with different approaching methods which can be used. 3.2. Data Analysis Method Qualitative and Quantitative these are the two types of approach to the any research analysis for the any data which can be used in research. The research which only uses the numbers to do the research analysis is called Quantitative Research and the research which uses the words, units of the analysis of the collection data and the visual images is Qualitative Research. Quantitative Research is also known about its tending to link with passivism but on the other side, Qualitative Research focused and worked with the association of interpretive. Moreover, the contrast between involvement and lack of involvement respectively are associated by Qualitative data and Quantitative data analysis method (Denscombe, Approach to analysis: quantitative and qualitative research, 2010). The purpose of the study is analyzing the issues of Supply Chain Management which is also known as SCM. The purpose of the study is to analyzing how Supply Chain Management works for Tesco. This study also includes direct involvement relationship between the co... ...SS. 3.9. SUMMARY In this chapter research methodology is associated with the approach of analyzing and explanation of whole research. There is other ways to conduct the research by the researcher. The way of conducting the research should be determined by the researcher in this chapter by explaining all the related logic and explanation. Supply Chain Management has a great impact on today’s success of company. It also develops the organizational performance of Tesco. The researcher follow the qualitative research method to collect the data and for analyzing these data. It includes a survey with 20 questionnaires in 100 groups of people following with 10 face to face interviews. Most of the people from this group are the employees, managers and few customers. Most of the data is collected from the primary source which makes the accuracy and analyzing strength higher.

Value Chain Analysis-Costco Corporation Essay

Brief on the Organization Costco is among the leading global retailers which provide customers a wide range of merchandise, ranging from small to well-known brands. The company began operations in 1983. Over the years, Costco has been a retailer in low cost membership-only leader, in warehouse club of merchandise. Moreover, Costco does not offer frills warehouse business models as its competitors do. Costco’s major competitors are BJ’s Wholesale Club and Sam Club (Costco, 2010). Applying the tools presented in this SSP, Costco provides a detailed analysis for transforming business operations relative to industry rivals. This is done in order to create profits and attain maximum shareholder’s value. A close examination of Costco’s Value chain suggests that the company uses a utilitarian approach, which maximizes the benefits for all stakeholders. The Concept of Value Chain and Information Technology Impact Nowadays, competitive advantage mainly derives itself through information technology in business models. Therefore, such supportive activities as information systems, R&D or general management are usually the most important source of differentiation advantage. Technology innovations continue to shape Costco’s value chain. Through information technology, Costco obtains strategic significance by changing the way companies operate. The most important concept is the value chain an organization has entrenched itself in; incorporating communication increases cooperation which leads to the productivity process of connecting groups that create activities toward a value system. Costco usage of the smartphone applications is only used to make personal judgments and predict purchases. Costco utilizes social media platforms to enhance online shopping. The company continues to offer online shopping to its members. However, custom er’s privacy is at risk using the smartphone data, and the corporation acknowledges this problem to their members (Costco, 2010). In addition to this threat, smartphones diminish the use of cash. Organization’s Value Chain Analysis Value Chain analysis evaluates each step business goes through from inception to finality. The goal is to maximize the value for the total cost. Costco’s mission is to provide their members with quality goods and services at the  lowest possible prices. The company’s mission, values and strategies suggest Costco uses a broad enterprise strategy which fits in the societal framework. To ensure employee motivation, Costco offers them a unique banquet of benefits. This include; paying health benefits for them, 50% higher wage, employee retention of over 90 percent, and maintaining employees even during recession periods (Costco, 2010). The Company’s strength is its primary value chains which split into two distinct functions: Demand fulfilment and Demand generation. Demand fulfilment includes input logistics, operations, and output logistics. Demand generation involves sales, marketing, and service department which breaks down into sub-tiers. Costco’s support activities include HRM, technology development, firm infrastructure and procurement. Costco’s weaknesses are difficult to pinpoint; one weakness is persistent low operating profit margins. Bigger profits can occur by not paying employee benefits and with demanding higher returns from their suppliers. The problem would be at what cost? Costco receives cost advantages from value adding major (brand items) activities. However, it continues to experience a challenge from Sam Club and BJ’s Warehouse, also have a membership fee to shop for great deals (Mascarenhas, 2004). Linkages and Value System Mr. Porter introduced the generic value chain model in 1985. Value chain represents all the internal activities a firm engages in to produce goods and services. VC is formed primarily of activities that add value to the final product directly and support activities that add value indirectly (Value Chain analysis, 2013). According to Porter and Millar, (1985, p. 154) several factors needed in analyzing how information technology might works for your organization. By identifying and ranking the ways in which information technology creates a competitive advantage, it determine the role of information technology in the business structure, and the impact it has on the business world. References Costco (2010). Why Become a Member. Retrieved from: http://www.costco.com/membership-information.html Finne, S. (2008). The retail value chain: How to gain competitive advantage through Efficient Consumer Response (ECR) strategies. Kogan Page Publishers. Gilmartin, B. (2014). Costco Earnings Preview: Superb Execution, Perennially Overvalued Mascarenhas, O. (2004). Customer value-chain involvement for co-creating customer delight. Journal of consumer marketing, 21(7), 486-496. Porter, M. E., & Millar, V. E. (1985). How information gives you competitive advantage. Harvard Business Review, 63(4), 149-160 Williamson, G. (2014). A Simple but Powerful Strategy That Can Lead To Multibaggers. Retrieved from: http://www.dailyfinance.com/2014/03/04/play-follow-the-leader Value Chain Analysis | Strategic Management Insight. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.strategicmanagementinsight.com/tools/value-chain-analysis.html

Learn About the Peripheral Nervous System

The nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord, and a complex network of neurons. This system is responsible for sending, receiving, and interpreting information from all parts of the body. The nervous system monitors and coordinates internal organ function and responds to changes in the external environment. This system can be divided into two parts: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS is composed of the brain and spinal cord, which function to receive, process, and send information to the PNS. The PNS consists of cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and billions of sensory and motor neurons. The primary function of the peripheral nervous system is to serve as a pathway of  communication between the CNS and the rest of the body. While CNS organs have a protective covering of bone (brain-skull, spinal cord—spinal column), the nerves of the PNS are  exposed and more vulnerable to injury. Types of Cells There are two types of cells in the peripheral nervous system. These cells carry information to (sensory nervous cells) and from (motor nervous cells) the central nervous system. Cells of the sensory nervous system send information to the CNS from internal organs or from external stimuli.  Motor nervous system cells carry information from the CNS to organs, muscles, and glands. Somatic and Autonomic Systems The motor nervous system is divided into the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. The somatic nervous system controls skeletal muscle, as well as external sensory organs, such as the skin. This system is said to be voluntary because the responses can be controlled consciously. Reflex reactions of skeletal muscle, however, are an exception. These are involuntary reactions to external stimuli. The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary muscles, such as smooth and cardiac muscle. This system is also called the involuntary nervous system. The autonomic nervous system can further be divided into parasympathetic, sympathetic, enteric divisions. The parasympathetic division functions to inhibit or slow down autonomic activities such as  heart rate, pupil constriction, and bladder contraction. The nerves of the sympathetic division often have an opposite effect when they are located within the same organs as parasympathetic nerves. Nerves of the sympathetic division speed up heart rate, dilate pupils and relax the bladder. The sympathetic system is also involved in the flight or fight response. This is a response to potential danger that results in accelerated heart rate and an increase in metabolic rate. The enteric division of the autonomic nervous system controls the gastrointestinal system. It is composed of two sets of neural networks located within the walls of the digestive tract. These neurons control activities such as digestive motility and blood flow within the digestive system. While the enteric nervous system can function independently, it also has connections with CNS allowing for the transfer of sensory information between the two systems. Division The peripheral nervous system is divided into the following sections: Sensory Nervous System—sends information to the CNS from internal organs or from external stimuli.Motor Nervous System—carries information from the CNS to organs, muscles, and glands.Somatic Nervous System—controls skeletal muscle as well as external sensory organs.Autonomic Nervous System—controls involuntary muscles, such as smooth and cardiac muscle.Sympathetic—controls activities that increase energy expenditures.Parasympathetic—controls activities that conserve energy expenditures.Enteric—controls digestive system activity. Connections Peripheral nervous system connections with various organs and structures of the body are established through cranial nerves and spinal nerves. There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves in the brain that establish connections in the head and upper body, while 31 pairs of spinal nerves do the same for the rest of the body. While some cranial nerves contain only sensory neurons, most cranial nerves and all spinal nerves contain both motor and sensory neurons.